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Table of Contents
REVIEW ARTICLE
Year : 2016  |  Volume : 20  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 546-551

Microvasular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: Distinct or continuum?

Aastha Chawla1, Rajeev Chawla1, Shalini Jaggi2
1 North Delhi Diabetes Centre, New Delhi, India
2 Sri Balaji Action Medical Institute, New Delhi, India

Date of Web Publication3-Jun-2016

Correspondence Address:
Rajeev Chawla
North Delhi Diabetes Centre, Rohini, New Delhi - 110 085
India
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.183480

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   Abstract 


Diabetes and related complications are associated with long-term damage and failure of various organ systems. The line of demarcation between the pathogenic mechanisms of microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes and differing responses to therapeutic interventions is blurred. Diabetes induces changes in the microvasculature, causing extracellular matrix protein synthesis, and capillary basement membrane thickening which are the pathognomic features of diabetic microangiopathy. These changes in conjunction with advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress, low grade inflammation, and neovascularization of vasa vasorum can lead to macrovascular complications. Hyperglycemia is the principal cause of microvasculopathy but also appears to play an important role in causation of macrovasculopathy. There is thought to be an intersection between micro and macro vascular complications, but the two disorders seem to be strongly interconnected, with micro vascular diseases promoting atherosclerosis through processes such as hypoxia and changes in vasa vasorum. It is thus imperative to understand whether microvascular complications distinctly precede macrovascular complications or do both of them progress simultaneously as a continuum. This will allow re-focusing on the clinical issues with a unifying perspective which can improve type 2 diabetes mellitus outcomes.

Keywords: Complications, diabetes, macrovascular, microvascular


How to cite this article:
Chawla A, Chawla R, Jaggi S. Microvasular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: Distinct or continuum?. Indian J Endocr Metab 2016;20:546-51

How to cite this URL:
Chawla A, Chawla R, Jaggi S. Microvasular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: Distinct or continuum?. Indian J Endocr Metab [serial online] 2016 [cited 2021 Sep 27];20:546-51. Available from: https://www.ijem.in/text.asp?2016/20/4/546/183480




   Introduction Top


Diabetes mellitus (DM) has routinely been described as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia that develops as a consequence of defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Type 2 diabetes encompasses individuals who have insulin resistance (IR) and usually relative (rather than absolute) insulin deficiency.[1] The pathologic hallmark of DM involves the vasculature leading to both microvascular and macrovascular complications.[2] Chronicity of hyperglycemia is associated with long-term damage and failure of various organ systems mainly affecting the eyes, nerves, kidneys, and the heart.[1]

According to diabetes atlas (7th edition), the global prevalence of diabetes is estimated at 415 million (8.8%), which is predicted to rise to 642 million in next 25 years.[3] In India, there are about 69.2 million people with diabetes and are expected to cross 123.5 million by 2040.[3] Moreover, worldwide approximately 193 million diabetics remain undiagnosed predisposing them to the development of several long-term complications of untreated chronic hyperglycemia.[3] Although intensive glycemic control lowers the incidence and progression of microvascular complications, the morbidity associated with these complications is still increasing.[4] Several landmark studies such as the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) have demonstrated that strict glycemic control does limit microvascular disease while attempts to improve macrovascular outcomes through glucose-lowering interventions still remain shrouded with controversy. A relative risk (RR) reduction in myocardial infarction (MI) (P = 0.052) has been observed in the 10 years of posttrial follow-up of UKPDS.[5] Similarly, the risk of cardiovascular mortality, nonfatal MI and stroke reduced with pioglitazone in the Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial in Macrovascular Events as compared to placebo group.[6] The action in diabetes and vascular disease: Preterax and Diamicron MR Controlled Evaluation and the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial failed to show any significant improvement in cardiovascular risk with the intensification of diabetes therapy.[7],[8] To further complicate matters, in Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes trial the use of intensive therapy for 3.5 years increased mortality but did not significantly reduce major cardiovascular events.[9]

In recent years, much attention has been focused on the management of macrovascular complications such as stroke and acute coronary syndromes. It is well-recognized that vascular complications in a given tissue are often accompanied by evidence of pathology in other vascular territories. A linear relationship between microvascular complications and duration of disease was established by the authors where they documented the presence of microvasculopathy across different age groups in their study in 25–40% of diabetic patients aged >25 years with more than 5 years duration of diabetes.[10] Researchers such as Krentz et al. and Al-Wakeel et al. have observed that both microvascular and macrovascular complications develop simultaneously in diabetes.[11],[12] On the contrary, Matheus and Gomes described the case report of type 1 DM (T1DM) patient with early and aggressive coronary artery disease (CAD) without evidence of nephropathy, retinopathy, or classical risk factors for CAD.[13] Thus, there is not much clarity over whether microvascular complication precedes macrovascular complications or they progress simultaneously.

The present review attempts an insight into this delicate relationship between microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes to understand whether they are discrete entities or in continuum with each other. We propose a unique continuum bridging the microvascular and the macrovascular risk which is based on our evidence-based studies consistently over a decade.


   Pathophysiological Basis of Micro Versus Macrovascular Complications Top


Patients with DM and associated microvascular complications appear particularly at higher risk of accelerated atherosclerosis which ultimately culminates in cerebrovascular and cardiovascular events and premature death.[14] Microvessels are the basic functional unit of the cardiovascular system comprising of arterioles, capillaries, and venules.[2] They differ from macrovessels in both their architecture and cellular components. In contrast to macrovessels supplying blood to organs, microvessels play important roles in maintaining blood pressure and proper nutrient delivery.[2] The microcirculation also has regulatory systems controlling vascular permeability and myogenic responses that can adapt blood flow according to local metabolic needs. Alteration in microvascular function may arise even before overt hyperglycemia and vascular pathologic changes manifest. Diabetes induces pathognomonic changes in the microvasculature, affecting the capillary basement membrane including arterioles in the glomeruli, retina, myocardium, skin, and muscle, by increasing their thickness, leading to the development of diabetic microangiopathy. This thickening eventually leads to abnormality in vessel function, inducing multiple clinical problems such as hypertension, delayed wound healing, and tissue hypoxia. Similarly, neovascularization arising from the vasa vasorum may interconnect macro-and microangiopathy, predict platelet rupture and promote atherosclerosis. The role of microvascular pathology in systemic diabetic complications, including macrovascular atherosclerosis, remains a subject for further debate.[2]


   Intersection of Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes: Evidence-Based Proof of Concept Top


Diabetic retinopathy

The risk of development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with (T2DM) has been found to be related to both severities of hyperglycemia and presence of hypertension. Fong et al. attributed approximately 10,000 new cases of blindness to DR in the United States.[15] In India, The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) reported an overall DR prevalence of 17.6% (confidence interval [95% CI]: 15.8–19.5) in the diabetic population.[16] More recently, the Sankara Nethralaya DR Epidemiology and Molecular Genetic Study has estimated an urban prevalence of 18.0% (95% CI: 16.0–20.1) and a rural prevalence of 10.3% (95% CI: 8.53–11.97%) of DR in South India.[17],[18] Similar to this, Aravind Comprehensive Eye Study has reported 10.5% prevalence of DR (in self-reported subjects with diabetes) in the rural South Indian population.[19] A DR prevalence of 21.2% has been reported by Chawla et al. in their cohort of North Indian patients. This study also found a significant association between HbA1c, body mass index, duration of diabetes and microalbuminuria in the development of DR (P = 0.001).[20]

Several studies have explored the association between DR and macrovascular complications. As retinal microvasculature shares embryologic and anatomic characteristics with that of cerebral circulation, researchers have studied retinal abnormalities to provide clues to understand the underlying pathophysiology of different cerebrovascular diseases.[21] In the World Health Organization Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes, retinopathy was related to the incidence of MI and death from cardiovascular disease (CVD).[22] In the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, increased incidence of clinical stroke was associated with retinal microvascular abnormalities and generalized arteriolar narrowing.[23] Furthermore, retinopathy was significantly associated with combined stroke events (RR 1.7, 95% CI: 1.0–2.8) in persons without diabetes after controlling for age, sex, and systolic blood pressure. This association was stronger in those with two or more retinal microvascular signs (RR 2.7, CI: 1.5–5.2).[24] Targher et al. followed up 2103 T2DM outpatients for 7 years and found a remarkably increased risk of incident CVD in patients with proliferative/laser-treated retinopathy (hazard ratio 2.08 [1.02–3.7] for men and 2.41 [1.05–3.9] for women), after adjustment of hypertension and advanced nephropathy.[25] Contrary to this, Matheus and Gomes has reported cardiovascular events without any presence of retinopathy.[13]

Diabetic nephropathy

Proteinuria occurs in 15–40% of patients with type 1 diabetes while it ranges from 5 to 20% in patients with T2DM.[26] According to the European Diabetes Prospective Complications Study, the cumulative incidence of microalbuminuria was 12.6% over 7.3 years in patients with T1DM.[26] However, 18 years follow-up study from Denmark reported a prevalence rate of 33% in the T1DM population.[27] Similarly, in the (UKPDS), T2DM patients showed a 2.0% incidence of microalbuminuria per year, which reached up to 25% in 10 years postdiagnosis.[28] The prevalence of diabetic nephropathy was higher in African Americans, Asians, and Native Americans than Caucasians.[26] In India, CURES 45 reported a prevalence of 2.2% for overt diabetic nephropathy and 26.9% for microalbuminuria.[29]

The association of intense control to reduced microvascular complication, as reported by the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, has emerged as a strong proof of concept for hyperglycemia being an important modifiable risk factor for diabetic nephropathy. A reduction in 10 mm Hg of systolic blood pressure is associated with a 13% decrease in the microvascular complications with minimal risk in patient with a systolic pressure <120 mm Hg.[30] Dyslipidemia with increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides is independently associated with diabetic kidney disease.[31]

The pathogenic mechanisms underlying diabetic nephropathy involve generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), accumulation of advanced glycation end product (AGE), and activation of intracellular signaling molecules such as protein kinase C (PKC).[32],[33] A strong association between diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy was demonstrated by Arora et al. in 2004–2005 in 50 newly diagnosed patients with diabetes.[34] The direct association between the presence of microalbuminuria and macrovascular complications has also been well-established in many studies.[35] In an observational study, Hägg et al(2013). reported the increased incidence of both cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage in patients with severe DR (SDR) and advanced diabetic nephropathy in 4083 patients with T1DM with 36,680 person-years of follow-up. Both nephropathy and SDR were found to be independently increasing the risk for all subtypes of stroke.[36] The increased incidence of stroke in diabetic nephropathy has also been reiterated in the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications study, where overt nephropathy increases the risk of ischemic stroke 4.4-fold (but not the risk for hemorrhagic stroke, probably due to the insufficient number of samples).[36] Retinopathy and macroalbuminuria produce higher rates of cardiovascular events among Chinese patients.[37]

Diabetic neuropathy

Diabetic neuropathy, a life-threatening complication involves both peripheral and autonomic nerves, affecting almost half of the diabetic population.[38] The risk of development of diabetic neuropathy is directly proportional to both the duration and magnitude of hyperglycemia. In addition, some individuals may also possess genetic facets that influence their predisposition in developing such complications.[35] The prevalence of diabetic neuropathy varies from country to country. In India, a high prevalence (29.2%) of diabetic peripheral neuropathy was reported among the North Indian population.[39] Further studies in North Indian region (Lucknow) and North-eastern region (Imphal) revealed a prevalence of 29.2% and 29.0%, respectively, among newly diagnosed diabetic patients (duration <6 months).[40],[41] Chawla et al. reported the prevalence of 15.3% in their study involving 720 North Indian patients from New Delhi.[20]

Although the precise nature of the injury to the peripheral nerves from hyperglycemia is not yet certain, the mechanisms of hyperglycemia-induced polyol pathway, injury from AGEs, and enhanced oxidative stress have been implicated in its pathogenesis. The damage to peripheral nerves may be mediated by effects on nerve tissue or by endothelial injury or vascular dysfunction.[2] Peripheral neuropathy in diabetes appears in several forms depending on the site, manifesting as sensory, focal/multifocal, and autonomic neuropathies. Diabetic neuropathy has resulted in more than 80% amputations after foot ulceration or injury.[35]

A study conducted by Miguel et al. demonstrated a significant correlation between diabetic neuropathy and the existence of one or more macrovascular complications showing that diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy presented with significantly higher rates of cardiac events and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) than diabetic patients without neuropathy. Strokes were also numerically higher in the neuropathy group.[42] Chawla et al. in 2011–2012 demonstrated an association between diabetic neuropathy and development of DR and microalbuminuria in 855 patients.[43] Diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy have been found to have a strong co-association with DR (22% vs. 14.3%), diabetic neuropathy (14% vs. 6.8%), and poor glycemic control.

Hence, it is recommended to evaluate autonomic nervous system function at the time of T2DM diagnosis and annually thereafter.[44] Chawla et al. established a positive correlation between autonomic neuropathy and peripheral neuropathy (P = 0.00014); however, the further association between autonomic neuropathy and PVD failed to reach statistical significance.[45] In addition, a direct relationship of lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) with T2DM was also documented by Chawla et al. They found symptoms of peripheral vascular insufficiency or weak peripheral vessels in 13.8% of patients with foot Doppler confirmed the prevalence of LEAD in 7.4% of patients.[46] The authors validated and advocate the use of neuropathy symptoms score and neuropathy disability score in the clinical and bedside diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy.[47]


   Common Pathways for Development of Both Micro and Macrovascular Complications Top


Advanced glycation products

AGEs are a heterogeneous group of molecules formed by the nonenzymatic glycation of plasma proteins causing a disruption in their normal functioning by altering their molecular conformation, disrupting enzyme activity, and interfering with receptor functioning. AGEs accumulate in different types of cells and affect their extracellular and intracellular structure and function by cross-linking not only with proteins but also lipids and nucleic acids contributing to a variety of diabetic complications.[48] AGEs crosslink with plasma membrane-localized receptors for AGEs (RAGE) leading to up-regulation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor-κB and its target genes, release of pro-inflammatory molecules and free radicals. Soluble AGEs activate monocytes, and AGEs in the basement membrane inhibit monocyte migration. AGE-bound RAGE increases endothelial permeability to macromolecules. AGEs block nitric oxide activity in the endothelium and cause the production of ROS.[49]

Further, AGEs modify LDL particles and together with vascular damage accelerate atherosclerosis.[50] Kalousová et al. found significant elevation of AGE in patients with T2DM as compared to both healthy (5.11 ± 1.15 × 103 AU/g vs. 4.08 ± 0.71 × 103 AU/g, P < 0.001) as well as T1DM patients (4.14 ± 0.86 × 103 AU/g, P < 0.005).[51] Kilhovd et al. demonstrated a significant increase in the levels of AGEs in patients with T2DM compared with nondiabetic control subjects (7.4 [4.4–10.9] vs. 4.2 [1.6–6.4] U/ml, P < 0.0001). Besides, they also found elevated levels of AGE in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) than those of without CHD (8.1 [6.4–10.9] vs. 7.1 [3.5–9.8] U/ml, P = 0.03) in patients with T2DM.[52]

Oxidative stress

Oxidative stress, caused by the overproduction of ROS plays an important role in the activation of other pathogenic pathways involved in diabetic complications, including elevated polyol pathway activity, nonenzymatic glycation, and PKC levels which in turn lead to the development of micro-and macrovascular complications.[53] It also inactivates two critical anti-atherosclerotic enzymes, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and prostacyclin synthase.[54] Hyperglycemia promotes the formation of ROS, which interacts with both deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and proteins, causing cellular damage, especially targeting mitochondrial DNA. A study on the human retinal endothelial cell (EC) demonstrated very early mitochondrial DNA damage with hyperglycemia-induced overproduction of ROS.[55] ROS-mediated cellular damage may be a form of pathologic “memory” in the microvasculature that persists even after glucose normalization. Several experimental evidences point to mitochondrial superoxide overproduction as the major culprit in the development of metabolic abnormalities in diabetics.[56] IR induces mitochondrial ROS production from free fatty acids and inhibits anti-atherosclerotic enzymes causing atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy in T2DM patients. In subjects without diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, those in the highest quintile of IR had a 2.0-fold increase in CVD risk compared to those in the lowest quintile after adjusting several known cardiovascular risk factors, including LDL, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, systolic blood pressure, and smoking.[57]

The other pathways implicated in diabetic complications such as AGE formation, PKC activation, increased polyol flux, and hexosamine formation are also linked to oxidative stress in promoting macrovascular complications through multiple mechanisms. Increased glucose concentrations can activate nuclear factor-κB, a key mediator that regulates multiple pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic target genes in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), ECs, and macrophages.[55] Hyperglycemia itself stimulates oxidative stress, which indeed acts as a driving force in accelerated atherosclerosis.

Low-grade inflammation

Inflammation has been recognized as one of the potent risk factors in both atherosclerosis and T2DM. Vascular cells encounter many early pathologic changes in response to hyperglycemia, causing a loss of nonadhesive property and adhesion of monocyte to ECs, which is an early step in atherogenesis. Hyperglycemia has been reported to provoke monocyte adhesion to arterial ECs.[58] The association between hyperglycemia and AGEs with oxidative stress is manifested as both can stimulate EC production of superoxide [Figure 1]. Glucose also activates matrix-degrading enzyme metalloproteinase which causes plaque rupture and arterial remodeling as well as VSMC proliferation, migration and altered activity. The role of increased level of tumor necrosis factor alpha in the development of IR is well-documented. IR itself has inflammatory action as described above. The levels of several other inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor I, and interleukine-6 have been shown to increase with the onset of diabetes. Monocyte activation has been documented in the presence of high glucose with induction of inflammatory mediators such as PKC and nuclear factor-κB promoting oxidative stress.[59]
Figure 1: Insulin resistance and hyperglycemia drive the atherosclerotic process

Click here to view


Neovascularization of vasa vasorum

The proliferation of vasa vasorum is associated with increased plaque burden, which subsequently promotes atherosclerosis.[60] Many cellular processes such as inflammation, plaque perfusion and concomitant intra-plaque hemorrhage are critical during the development of atherosclerotic plaques and are linked with vasa vasorum proliferation. Neovascularization develops by the growth from both adventitial layer (outward) and arterial lumen (inward) toward the intima.[61] In T2DM, plaque rupture is associated with increased angiogenesis, and diabetic atherosclerosis is further accelerated by neovasculature microangiopathy.[62] The initial angiogenic response in the adventitial vasa vasorum, an important component of homeostatic mechanisms, appears to be stimulated by hypoxia through identification of increased hypoxia-inducible factor and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) action.[63]

VEGF, a multifunctional cytokine, also contributes to microvascular complications by increasing the vascular permeability to macromolecules, monocyte chemotaxis, and tissue factor production.[64] Up-regulation of VEGF is also reported in experimental diabetic kidney disease models. However, contrary to this, VEGF treatment has been shown to restore microcirculation in the vasa nervorum and limit diabetic neuropathy as demonstrated by rodent VEGF gene transfer experiment.[2] In the eye, a neurotropic factor-pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) may offset VEGF action by its potent angiogenic inhibition.[65] PEDF level is decreased in proliferative DR, whereas VEGF levels are increased. Decreased PEDF levels may also likely contribute to diabetic nephropathy. Other growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor 1, basic fibroblast growth factor, and hepatocyte growth factor may foster proliferative retinopathy.[66]


   Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications-Continuum or Separate: The Debate Continues Top
[Figure 2]
Figure 2: The diabetes continuum

Click here to view


Heart involvement in diabetes may not be only a macrovascular disease where there is Orchestra of contributing factors to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy concerning fatty acid and glucose complex structural macrovascular derangements such as hypertrophy and loss of function due to glycation but also a microvascular involvement following “common soil” hypothesis of diabetes complications. Atherosclerosis in large arteries as well as cardiomyopathy in diabetes a microvascular component may go hand in hand.[67]

Therefore, changes in small arteries and capillaries are not responsible for only microvascular long-term complications in patients with diabetes (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) but also for other manifestations of heart disease in diabetes.

This review highlights the need for implementing programs for early detection, screening, and awareness to mitigate the burden of managing the complications.

Good blood glucose control improves microvascular disease and should be implemented early and maintained for the optimum length of time. Appropriate controls of blood pressure as well as dyslipidemia are extremely important in macrovascular disease prevention besides glycemic control. Patients with microvascular complications appear particularly prone to accelerated atherosclerosis and premature death. Neovascularization arising from the vasa vasorum may interconnect macro-and microangiopathy.

A clearer picture on differing responses to therapeutic interventions could lead to better management and improve T2DM outcomes not only regarding microvascular but also macrovascular complications as well. Further systematic research on the above interlinking hypothesis will help us get more clarity whether microvascular complications precede macrovascular complications or they are two ends of the same spectrum of disease existing in continuum.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

 
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65 Dissecting Sex-Related Cognition between Alzheimer’s Disease and Diabetes: From Molecular Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Strategies
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68 Laser Speckle Integrated Multispectral Imaging System for In-Vivo Assessment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Healing: A Clinical Study
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69 Efficacy and safety of teneligliptin added to metformin in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with metformin: A phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
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72 Visual Morbidity in Diabetic Retinopathy Associated with Diabetic Nephropathy - Our Experience in a Multispecialty Tertiary Hospital in Chennai, India
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73 Cytotoxicity, Anti-Obesity and Anti-Diabetic Activities of Heteromorpha arborescens (Spreng.) Cham Leaves
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78 Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease and Associated Factors Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Selected Hospitals of Harari Region, Eastern Ethiopia
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82 Type 1 Diabetes in Youth and Technology-Based Advances in Management
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83 Ethanol extract of Cissampelos sympodialis ameliorates lung tissue damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
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Mala Dharmalingam,S. R. Aravind,Hemant Thacker,S. Paramesh,Brij Mohan,Manoj Chawla,Arthur Asirvatham,Ramesh Goyal,Jayashri Shembalkar,R. Balamurugan,Pradnya Kadam,Hansraj Alva,Rahul Kodgule,Monika Tandon,Sivakumar Vaidyanathan,Amol Pendse,Rajesh Gaikwad,Sagar Katare,Sachin Suryawanshi,Hanmant Barkate
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86 Biocompatible fungal chitosan encapsulated phytogenic silver nanoparticles enhanced antidiabetic, antioxidant and antibacterial activity
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87 Efficacy of Qurs-e-Gulnar in Ziabetus (type 2 Diabetes Mellitus): a single blind randomized controlled trial
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88 Association of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G5G Polymorphism with risk of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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89 Modulation of the antioxidant defense system in liver, kidney, and pancreas tissues of alloxan-induced diabetic rats by camphor
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90 Biofilms in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Significance and Clinical Relevance
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92 Metformin use in elderly population with diabetes reduced the risk of dementia in a dose-dependent manner, based on the Korean NHIS-HEALS cohort
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94 Altered touch perception and associated risk factors in individuals with diabetes mellitus
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96 Stem Cells: A Review Encompassing the Literature with a Special Focus on the Side-Lined Miraculous Panacea; Pre-Morula Stem Cells
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97 RSSDI-ESI Clinical Practice Recommendations for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 2020
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98 Serum electrolytes levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study
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99 The protective effect of green tea on diabetes-induced hepato-renal pathological changes: a histological and biochemical study
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100 Association of glycaemia control, age and duration of morbidity with the quality of life in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus attending the tertiary care hospital in field practice area of Ottapalam Palakad
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101 A non-inferiority study to compare daily fast-acting insulin versus twice a week slow-acting insulin–moderate diabetes mode
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102 Whole-blood transcriptome profiling reveals signatures of metformin and its therapeutic response
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103 Neuroprotective effects of mango cv. ‘Ataulfo’ peel and pulp against oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
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104 Multimodal a-Glucosidase and a-Amylase Inhibition and Antioxidant Effect of the Aqueous and Methanol Extracts from the Trunk Bark of Ceiba pentandra
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105 Changes in QTc and PR Intervals among Indian Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Respect to Prevailing Glycated Hemoglobin Level: a Retrospective Analysis
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106 Silencing CCNG1 protects MPC-5 cells from high glucose-induced proliferation-inhibition and apoptosis-promotion via MDM2/p53 signaling pathway
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108 The Growing Epidemic of Diabetes Mellitus
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109 Diabetes induced renal complications by leukocyte activation of nuclear factor ?-B and its regulated genes expression
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111 Ginkgo Biloba Extract in Ophthalmic and Systemic Disease, With a Focus on Normal-Tension Glaucoma
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112 Potential risks of endoplasmic reticulum stress on vasculopathy in diabetes
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113 Additive Effect of Topical Nepafenac on Mydriasis in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
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114 Potential antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of a heliangolide sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Helianthus annuus L. leaves
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116 Diabetic Retinopathy. Association with Metabolic Compensation, Duration of Diabetes and Other Micro and Macrovascular Complications in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
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117 Reduction of hepatorenal and pancreatic damage by Ferula elaeochytris extract in STZ induced diabetic rats
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118 Molecular complexities underlying the vascular complications of diabetes mellitus – A comprehensive review
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119 Baicalin attenuates Fibrogenic process in human renal proximal tubular cells (HK-2) exposed to diabetic Milieu
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120 RSSDI-ESI clinical practice recommendations for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus 2020
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121 Does Periodontal Inflammation Affect Type 1 Diabetes in Childhood and Adolescence? A Meta-Analysis
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122 Comparison of Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Diabetic Patients With and Without Retinopathy
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123 In Silico Design, Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Series of Benzothiazole- Based Pyrazolidinediones as Potent Hypoglycemic Agents
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124 Identification of miR-802-5p and its involvement in type 2 diabetes mellitus
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125 Prognosis of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy via Decomposed Digital Volume Pulse from the Fingertip
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128 Hydrogels in Emerging Technologies for Type 1 Diabetes
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129 Association between C reactive protein and microvascular and macrovascular dysfunction in sub-Saharan Africans with and without diabetes: the RODAM study
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130 Early Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 1 Diabetes Is Accompanied by an Impairment of Vascular Smooth Muscle Function: A Meta-Analysis
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131 Phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of teneligliptin monotherapy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise
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132 Coumarin-chalcone hybrids targeting insulin receptor: Design, synthesis, anti-diabetic activity, and molecular docking
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133 Probiotics ameliorate pioglitazone-associated bone loss in diabetic rats
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135 Living Day to Day
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136 Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Vascular Complications in Diabetes Mellitus
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144 Effect of Lactobacillus delbrueckii Subsp. lactis PTCC1057 on Serum Glucose, Fetuin-A ,and Sestrin 3 Levels in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mice
Jamal Hallajzadeh,Reza Dolatyari Eslami,Asghar Tanomand
Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins. 2020;
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145 Systematic review and meta-analysis protocol for efficacy and safety of Momordica charantia L. on animal models of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Emanuel L. Peter,Andrew G. Mtewa,Prakash B. Nagendrappa,Anita Kaligirwa,Crispin Duncan Sesaazi
Systematic Reviews. 2020; 9(1)
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146 Percussion Entropy Analysis of Synchronized ECG and PPG Signals as a Prognostic Indicator for Future Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects
Hai-Cheng Wei,Na Ta,Wen-Rui Hu,Sheng-Ying Wang,Ming-Xia Xiao,Xiao-Jing Tang,Jian-Jung Chen,Hsien-Tsai Wu
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147 Crassocephalum rubens (Juss. Ex Jacq.) S. Moore improves pancreatic histology, insulin secretion, liver and kidney functions and ameliorates oxidative stress in fructose-streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats
Olajumoke A. Oyebode,Ochuko L. Erukainure,Olakunle Sanni,Md.Shahidul Islam
Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 2020; : 1
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148 Assessment of Drug Therapy Problems Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Hypertension Comorbidity in Indonesia
Julaeha Julaeha,Ery Fudjiati,Aprilita Rina Yanti Eff
Borneo Journal of Pharmacy. 2020; 3(3): 190
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149 Screening of Antioxidant and a-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Indian Medicinal Plants
Pavan K. Mujawdiya,Suman Kapur
Current Enzyme Inhibition. 2020; 16(2): 145
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150 Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Changes and Complications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Ramakrishna Goratla,Kalyankumar P.V,Sravani K
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2020; 7(35): 1871
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151 The safety and efficacy of Momordica charantia L. in animal models of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Emanuel L. Peter,Prakash B. Nagendrappa,Anita Kaligirwa,Patrick Engeu Ogwang,Crispin Duncan Sesaazi
Phytotherapy Research. 2020;
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152 Improving the endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes with chromium and vitamin D3 byreducing homocysteine and oxidative stress: A randomized placebo-controlled trial
Fatemeh Imanparast,Farideh Jalali Mashayekhi,Fatemeh Kamankesh,Fatemeh Rafiei,Pegah Mohaghegh,Abbas Alimoradian
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2020; 62: 126639
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153 Knowledge, Awareness and Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy among Patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Their First Visit to Eye Department in a Tertiary Health Care Centre - A Hospital Based Cross Sectional Study
Jasmita Satapathy,Anita Minj,Keya Chakrabarti,Priya Gupta
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2020; 7(34): 1770
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154 Antidiabetic Potential of Prosopis farcta Roots: In Vitro Pancreatic Beta Cell Protection, Enhancement of Glucose Consumption, and Bioassay-Guided Fractionation
Behzad Shahbazi,Saba Feyzmand,Fataneh Jafari,Nastaran Ghiasvand,Gholamreza Bahrami,Ali Fattahi,Solomon Habtemariam,Seyed-Mohammad Nabavi,Yalda Shokoohinia
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020; 2020: 1
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155 Variation in the expression level of MALAT1, MIAT and XIST lncRNAs in coronary artery disease patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus
Nasim Sohrabifar,Sayyed Mohammad Hossein Ghaderian,Saeed Alipour Para,Hamid Ghaedi,Hossein Jafari
Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry. 2020; : 1
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156 Palbinone alleviates diabetic retinopathy in STZ-induced rats by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammatory activity
Qiang Shi,Jianchao Wang,Yuhong Cheng,Xiaomin Dong,Ming Zhang,Cheng Pei
Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology. 2020; : e22489
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157 Dynamic Phenotypes and Molecular Mechanisms to Understand the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy in Two Widely Used Animal Models of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Yanfei Liu,Hui Huang,Rui Gao,Yue Liu
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2020; 8
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158 The Mechanisms of Type 2 Diabetes-Related White Matter Intensities: A Review
Jing Sun,Baofeng Xu,Xuejiao Zhang,Zhidong He,Ziwei Liu,Rui Liu,Guangxian Nan
Frontiers in Public Health. 2020; 8
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159 Effects of Rutin on Wound Healing in Hyperglycemic Rats
Li-You Chen,Chien-Ning Huang,Chih-Kai Liao,Hung-Ming Chang,Yu-Hsiang Kuan,To-Jung Tseng,Kai-Jung Yen,Kai-Lin Yang,Hsing-Chun Lin
Antioxidants. 2020; 9(11): 1122
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160

Wogonin Ameliorates Renal Inflammation and Fibrosis by Inhibiting NF-?B and TGF-ß1/Smad3 Signaling Pathways in Diabetic Nephropathy
Zhi-chao Zheng,Wei Zhu,Lei Lei,Xue-qi Liu,Yong-gui Wu
Drug Design, Development and Therapy. 2020; Volume 14: 4135
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161 Autoimmune Thyroid Disease is Associated with a Lower Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 1 Diabetic Mellitus
Magdalena Maria Stefanowicz-Rutkowska,Wojciech Matuszewski,Elzbieta Maria Bandurska-Stankiewicz
Medicina. 2020; 56(6): 255
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162

Multistate Models to Predict Development of Late Complications of Type 2 Diabetes in an Open Cohort Study
Roqayeh Aliyari,Ebrahim Hajizadeh,Ashraf Aminorroaya,Farshad Sharifi,Iraj Kazemi,Ahmad-Reza Baghestani
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 2020; Volume 13: 1863
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163 Acute and chronic diabetes complications associated with self-reported oral health: a retrospective cohort study
Kamini Kaura Parbhakar,Laura C. Rosella,Sonica Singhal,Carlos R. Quińonez
BMC Oral Health. 2020; 20(1)
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164 Exposure to Chinese Famine in Fetal Life and the Risk of Dysglycemiain Adulthood
Yan Zhang,Chao Song,Meng Wang,Weiyan Gong,Yanning Ma,Zheng Chen,Ganyu Feng,Rui Wang,Hongyun Fang,Jing Fan,Ailing Liu
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(7): 2210
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165

Management Practice and Contributing Risk Factors for Chronic Complications Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Adult Patients in Follow-Up at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
Zenebe Negash,Malede Yismaw
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 2020; Volume 13: 3969
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166 NF-?B gene expression in peripheral blood and urine in early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy – a liquid biopsy approach
Glaucia Luciano da Veiga,Matheus Gonçalves Della Nina Raffo,Beatriz da Costa Aguiar Alves,Marcelo Rodrigues Bacci,Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca
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Integrated Datasets of Proteomic and Metabolomic Biomarkers to Predict Its Impacts on Comorbidities of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Amrita K. K. Cheema,Prabhjit Kaur,Amena Fadel,Noura Younes,Mahmoud Zirie,Nasser M Rizk
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy. 2020; Volume 13: 2409
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168 The impact of diabetes mellitus on health-related quality of life in Saudi Arabia
Diena M. Almasri,Ahmad O. Noor,Ragia H. Ghoneim,Alaa A. Bagalagel,Mansour Almetwazi,Nujud A. Baghlaf,Esraa A. Hamdi
Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2020;
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169 Understanding molecular upsets in diabetic nephropathy to identify novel targets and treatment opportunities
Nidhi Raval,Akshant Kumawat,Dnyaneshwar Kalyane,Kiran Kalia,Rakesh K. Tekade
Drug Discovery Today. 2020;
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170 THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF NUCLEAR FACTOR ERYTHROID 2-RELATED FACTOR 2 IN DIABETES-INDUCED ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION
Karan Naresh Amin,Elango Bhakkiyalakshmi,Jayasuriya Ravichandran,D.V.L. Sarada,Ramkumar Kunka Mohanram
Pharmacological Research. 2019; : 104601
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171 A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese patent medicine Jinqi Jiangtang Tablet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes
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Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 2019;
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172 The prevalence of macro and microvascular complications of DM among patients in Ethiopia 1990–2017: Systematic review
Bayu Begashaw Bekele
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2019; 13(1): 672
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173 The association between near-infrared spectroscopy-derived and flow-mediated dilation assessment of vascular responsiveness in the arm
Rogerio N. Soares,Yasina B. Somani,David N. Proctor,Juan M. Murias
Microvascular Research. 2019; 122: 41
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174 Promising effects of ß-glucans on glyceamic control in diabetes
Rukiye Bozbulut,Nevin Sanlier
Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2019; 83: 159
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175 Targeted screening for prediabetes and undiagnosed diabetes in a community setting in India
Thirunavukkarasu Sathish,Jonathan Shaw,Robyn J. Tapp,Rory Wolfe,Kavumpurathu R. Thankappan,Sajitha Balachandran,Brian Oldenburg
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2019;
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176 Pharmacist-led interventional programs for diabetic patients in Arab countries: A systematic review study
Ehab Mudher Mikhael,Mohamed Azmi Hassali,Saad Abdulrahman Hussain,Ahmed Ibrahim Nouri,Nizar Shawky
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries. 2019;
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177 CASE CONTROL STUDY EVALUATING THE ASSOCIATION OF SERUM MAGNESIUM WITH DIABETES MELLITUS, ITS MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS AND SERUM LIPID PROFILE
Payal Mukker,Kala Syamala Kumari Narayanan
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare. 2019; 6(15): 1177
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178 Randomized Controlled Trial of Physical Exercise in Diabetic Veterans With Length-Dependent Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy
Evan B. Stubbs,Morris A. Fisher,Clara M. Miller,Christine Jelinek,Jolene Butler,Conor McBurney,Eileen G. Collins
Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2019; 13
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179 Relationship between Serum Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Level and Microvascular Complications in Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis
Jing Liu,Caiying Li,Wen Chen,Kuanrong He,Huijuan Ma,Boqing Ma,Pei Zhao,Lu Tian
BioMed Research International. 2019; 2019: 1
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180 Mechanisms Involved in Glycemic Control Promoted by Exercise in Diabetics
Eric Francelino Andrade,Víviam de Oliveira Silva,Débora Ribeiro Orlando,Luciano José Pereira
Current Diabetes Reviews. 2019; 15(2): 105
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181 Aqueous leaf extract of Clinacanthus nutans improved metabolic indices and sorbitol-related complications in type II diabetic rats (T2D)
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Food Science & Nutrition. 2019;
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182 Synergistic Anti-diabetic Activity of Gongronema latifolium and Telfairia occidentalis Leaves Extracts on Hepatic Function and Hematological Indices in Wistar Rats
Paulinus Mfon Udoudoh,Daniel Ejim Uti,Emmanuel E. Edet,Sunday Nkereuwem Etukudoh,Blessing Godwin Ukwak,Uket Nta Obeten,Grace Ufedo Umoru
Asian Journal of Biological Sciences. 2019; 13(1): 42
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183 Dendrimer Based Nanoarchitectures in Diabetes Management: An Overview
Vijay Mishra,Nishika Yadav,Gaurav K. Saraogi,Murtaza M. Tambuwala,Namita Giri
Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2019; 25(23): 2569
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184 Relationship between hemoglobin A1c and serum troponin in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular events
Stjepan Šimic,Tomo Svaguša,Ingrid Prkacin,Tomislav Bulum
Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders. 2019;
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185 Real-World Clinical Effectiveness and Tolerability of Hydroxychloroquine 400 Mg in Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Subjects who are not Willing to Initiate Insulin Therapy (HYQ-Real-World Study)
Amit Gupta
Current Diabetes Reviews. 2019; 15(6): 510
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186 In-Vitro Antioxidant, Hypoglycemic Activity, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds in Phenol-Rich Extract from the Marine Red Algae Gracilaria edulis (Gmelin) Silva
Mišo Gunathilaka,Mišo Samarakoon,Mišo Ranasinghe,Mišo Peiris
Molecules. 2019; 24(20): 3708
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187 From Table to Stable: A Comparative Review of Selected Aspects of Human and Equine Metabolic Syndrome
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2019; 79: 131
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188 The Impact of a Community-Based Food Education Program on Nutrition-Related Knowledge in Middle-Aged and Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Results of a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Carlos Vasconcelos,António Almeida,Maria Cabral,Elisabete Ramos,Romeu Mendes
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(13): 2403
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189 The Role of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (PTP)-1B in Cardiovascular Disease and Its Interplay with Insulin Resistance
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Biomolecules. 2019; 9(7): 286
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190 Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in type 1 diabetic children, relation to vascular complications
Eman Mounir Sherif,Abeer Ahmed Abd El Maksood,Omneya Ibrahim Youssef,Nouran Yousef Salah El-Din,Ola Khaled Mohamed Khater
Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 2019;
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191 Molecular Concept of Diabetic Wound Healing: Effective Role of Herbal Remedies
Amro Mohamed Soliman,Seong Lin Teoh,Norzana Abd Ghafar,Srijit Das
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry. 2019; 19(5): 381
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192 Long noncoding RNA: an emerging player in diabetes and diabetic kidney disease
Jia Guo,Zhangsuo Liu,Rujun Gong
Clinical Science. 2019; 133(12): 1321
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193 Evaluation of long-term intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections on renal function in patients with and without diabetic kidney disease
Rachael Ann O’Neill,Patrick Gallagher,Tricia Douglas,Julie-Anne Little,Alexander Peter Maxwell,Giuliana Silvestri,Gareth McKay
BMC Nephrology. 2019; 20(1)
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194 Association of 18bp insertion/deletion polymorphism, at -2549 position of VEGF gene, with diabetic vascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Agnieszka Gala-Bladzinska,Joanna Czech,Marcin Braun,Marzena Skrzypa,Krzysztof Gargasz,Artur Mazur,Izabela Zawlik
Advances in Medical Sciences. 2019; 64(1): 137
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195 Prevalence of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes-Related Complications and Their Association With Determinants Identified in Canada’s Survey on Living With Chronic Diseases—Diabetes Component
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196 TRACK (by NEHEP) Implementation: A Bangladesh Scenario
Abdul Kader Mohiuddin
Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology. 2019; : 28
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197 Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress: A Critical Molecular Driver of Endothelial Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disturbances Associated with Diabetes
Hatem Maamoun,Shahenda Abdelsalam,Asad Zeidan,Hesham Korashy,Abdelali Agouni
International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(7): 1658
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198 Frequency of Diabetes Foot Ulcer and Related Factors Among Adult Diabetic Patients in the Diabetes Center of Kerman, Iran
Ali Khalooei,Mansour Mahmoodi Meymand
Shiraz E-Medical Journal. 2019; In Press(In Press)
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199 Digital Volume Pulse Measured at the Fingertip as an Indicator of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in the Aged and Diabetic
Hai-Cheng Wei,Na Ta,Wen-Rui Hu,Ming-Xia Xiao,Xiao-Jing Tang,Bagus Haryadi,Juin J. Liou,Hsien-Tsai Wu
Entropy. 2019; 21(12): 1229
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200 Established coronary artery disease in systemic sclerosis compared to type 2 diabetic female patients: a cross-sectional study
Michele Colaci,Dilia Giuggioli,Amelia Spinella,Caterina Vacchi,Federica Lumetti,Anna Vittoria Mattioli,Francesca Coppi,Vincenzo Aiello,Maria Perticone,Lorenzo Malatino,Clodoveo Ferri
Clinical Rheumatology. 2019;
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201 Economic Impact of Diabetes in Africa
Clarisse Mapa-Tassou,Jean-Claude Katte,Camille Mba Maadjhou,Jean Claude Mbanya
Current Diabetes Reports. 2019; 19(2)
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202 Improved quality of diabetes control reduces complication costs in Bulgaria
Konstantin Tachkov,Konstantin Mitov,Zornitsa Mitkova,Maria Kamusheva,Maria Dimitrova,Valentina Petkova,Alexandra Savova,Miglena Doneva,Dimitar Tcarukciev,Vasil Valov,Galia Angelova,Manoela Manova,Guenka Petrova
Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment. 2019; 33(1): 814
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203 A systematic review on the mechanisms of vitamin K effects on the complications of diabetes and pre-diabetes
Nahid Karamzad,Vahid Maleki,Kristin Carson-Chahhoud,Samaneh Azizi,Amirhossein Sahebkar,Bahram Pourghassem Gargari
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204 Is it necessary to screen patient with adhesive capsulitis of shoulder for diabetes mellitus?
SK Rai,Manoj Kashid,Barun Chakrabarty,Vimal Upreti,Omna Shaki
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2019; 8(9): 2927
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205 Effects of Moringa oleifera on oxidative stress, apoptotic and inflammatory biomarkers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal model
O.O. Oguntibeju,G.Y. Aboua,E.I. Omodanisi
South African Journal of Botany. 2019;
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206 Effect of Rosmarinic Acid and Sinapic Acid on Oxidative Stress Parameters in the Cardiac Tissue and Serum of Type 2 Diabetic Female Rats
Maria Zych,Weronika Wojnar,Slawomir Borymski,Katarzyna Szalabska,Piotr Bramora,Ilona Kaczmarczyk-Sedlak
Antioxidants. 2019; 8(12): 579
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207 Effects of Allium tuncelianum on oxidative stress and hyperglycemia in rats with diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin
Gözde Atilla,Ali Bilgili,Hamit Uslu,Dinçer Erdag,Oktay Özkan
Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2019;
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208 Popular functional foods and herbs for the management of type-2-diabetes mellitus: A comprehensive review with special reference to clinical trials and its proposed mechanism
Kamesh Venkatakrishnan,Hui-Fang Chiu,Chin-Kun Wang
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209 Dietary patterns and management of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials
D. Papamichou,D.B. Panagiotakos,C. Itsiopoulos
Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2019;
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210 Foot Kinetic and Kinematic Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Peripheral Neuropathy
Animesh Hazari,Arun G. Maiya,K.N. Shivashankara
Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2019; 109(1): 36
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211 Purine metabolites can indicate diabetes progression
Yogaraje Gowda C. Varadaiah,Senthilkumar Sivanesan,Shivananda B. Nayak,Kashinath R. Thirumalarao
Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry. 2019; : 1
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212 The Burden of Undiagnosed Diabetes Mellitus in Adult African Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Daniel Asmelash,Yemane Asmelash
Journal of Diabetes Research. 2019; 2019: 1
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213 A therapeutic approach towards microRNA29 family in vascular diabetic complications: A boon or curse?
Aishwarya P. Dasare,Piyush Gondaliya,Akshay Srivastava,Kiran Kalia
Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders. 2019;
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214 Therapeutic experience of saxagliptin as first add-on after metformin in Indian type 2 diabetes patients: A non-interventional, prospective, observational study (ONTARGET-INDIA)
Sanjay Kalra,Sarita Bajaj,AG Unnikrishnan,ManashP Baruah,Rakesh Sahay,V Hardik,Amit Kumar
Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2019; 23(3): 312
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215 Effect of amodiaquine on the pharmacokinetics of gliclazide in diabetic subjects
Godwin Ishaku Sambo,Taibat Bakare-Odunola Mojirade,Musa Aminu,Adamu Yakasai Ibrahim,Garba Magaji,Adzu Bulus
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2019; 13(11): 139
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216 Macro- and micro-vascular complications and their determinants among people with type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh
Afsana Afroz,Wen Zhang,Andre Jin Wei Loh,Darryl Xing Jie Lee,Baki Billah
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2019;
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217 Diabetic foot – invalidating complication of diabetes mellitus
Oana Manuela Spalatelu,Sergiu Chirila,Leonard Gurgas,Vasile Sârbu
Medic.ro. 2019; 129 (3)(1): 40
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218 Dietary antioxidant for disease prevention corroborated by the Nrf2 pathway
Amany M. Hegazy,Eman M. El-Sayed,Khadiga S. Ibrahim,Amal S. Abdel-Azeem
Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 2019; 16(3)
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219 Novel Hybrids of Pyrazolidinedione and Benzothiazole as TZD Analogues. Rationale Design, Synthesis and In Vivo Anti-Diabetic Evaluation
Michelyne Haroun
Medicinal Chemistry. 2019; 15(6): 624
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220 A Roadmap on the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Among People Living With Diabetes
Sharon Mitchell,Belma Malanda,Albertino Damasceno,Robert H. Eckel,Dan Gaita,Kornelia Kotseva,James L. Januzzi,George Mensah,Jorge Plutzky,Maksym Prystupiuk,Lars Ryden,Jorge Thierer,Salim S. Virani,Laurence Sperling
Global Heart. 2019; 14(3): 215
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221 Flavonoids and Their Anti-Diabetic Effects: Cellular Mechanisms and Effects to Improve Blood Sugar Levels
Asma AL-Ishaq,Asma Abotaleb,Asma Kubatka,Asma Kajo,Asma Büsselberg
Biomolecules. 2019; 9(9): 430
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222 Adherence, Persistence, and Switching Among People Prescribed Sodium Glucose Co-transporter 2 Inhibitors: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study
Richard Ofori-Asenso,Danny Liew,Samanta Lalic,Mohsen Mazidi,Dianna J. Magliano,Zanfina Ademi,J. Simon Bell,Jenni Ilomaki
Advances in Therapy. 2019;
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223 Acute cardiovascular complications in patients with diabetes and hypertension: management consideration for minor oral surgery
Ajinath Nanasaheb Jadhav,Pooja Raosaheb Tarte
Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. 2019; 45(4): 207
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224 Prediction of stump healing in lower limb amputation: a narrative review
Suhel Ashraff,Muhammad A Siddiqui,Derek Santos,Thomas Carline
Journal of Wound Care. 2019; 28(Sup12): S18
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225 Estimation of Aldose Reductase Activity and Malondialdehyde Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Sandeep Kumar,Ajay Kumar,Mohammad Mustufa Khan
Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 2019; 12(2): 1001
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226 Myricetin ameliorates high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Azadeh Aminzadeh,Hamideh Bashiri
Cell Biochemistry and Function. 2019;
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227 VEGF-A and cardiac autonomic function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study at a tertiary care center
Suresh Ravichandran,Shival Srivastav,PrathameshHaridas Kamble,Shailja Chambial,Ravindra Shukla,Praveen Sharma,RajeshKumar Sharma
Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2019; 8(10): 3185
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228 The major molecular mechanisms mediating the renoprotective effects of SGLT2 inhibitors: An update
Habib Yaribeygi,Luis E. Simental-Mendía,Maciej Banach,Simona Bo,Amirhossein Sahebkar
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2019; 120: 109526
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229 Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Curcumin Nanoparticles on Drug-Induced Acute Myocardial Infarction in Diabetic Rats
Asma Boarescu,Asma Boarescu,Asma Boc?an,Asma Gheban,Asma Bulboaca,Asma Nicula,Asma Pop,Asma Râjnoveanu,Asma Bolboaca
Antioxidants. 2019; 8(10): 504
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230 Effect of resveratrol on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors pharmacokinetics: An in vitro and in vivo approach
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231 DPP-4 Inhibitors: Renoprotective Potential and Pharmacokinetics in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Renal Impairment
Momir Mikov,Nebojša Pavlovic,Bojan Stanimirov,Maja Đanic,Svetlana Golocorbin-Kon,Karmen Stankov,Hani Al-Salami
European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 2019;
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232 Diabetic Vascular Damage: Review of Pathogenesis and Possible Evaluation Technologies
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233 Automatically Extracting Disease-Disease Association from Literature with a Large Margin Context-Aware Convolutional Neural Network (Preprint)
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234 Dysregulated expression of long noncoding RNAs serves as diagnostic biomarkers of type 2 diabetes mellitus
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235 Homocysteine, interleukin-1ß, and fasting blood glucose levels as prognostic markers for diabetes mellitus complicated with cerebral infarction and correlated with carotid intima-media thickness
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236 Higher Levels of ANGPTL5 in the Circulation of Subjects With Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Are Associated With Insulin Resistance
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238 Effects of Turmeric ( Curcuma longa) Extract in streptozocin-induced diabetic model
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239 Kruppel-Like Transcription Factor-4 Gene Expression and DNA Methylation Status in Type 2 Diabetes and Diabetic Nephropathy Patients
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243 The impact of diabetes on treatment in general dental practice
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244 The Big Entity of New RNA World: Long Non-Coding RNAs in Microvascular Complications of Diabetes
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245 Synthesis of newly functionalized 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives and their effects on wound healing in alloxan-induced diabetic mice
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248 Chemotherapeutic-Induced Cardiovascular Dysfunction: Physiological Effects, Early Detection—The Role of Telomerase to Counteract Mitochondrial Defects and Oxidative Stress
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250 BMP9 (Bone Morphogenetic Protein-9)/Alk1 (Activin-Like Kinase Receptor Type I) Signaling Prevents Hyperglycemia-Induced Vascular Permeability
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251 The effect of change in fasting glucose on the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and all-cause mortality: a nationwide cohort study
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253 Beetle (Ulomoides dermestoides) fat improves diabetes: effect on liver and pancreatic architecture and on PPAR? expression
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254 Altered expression of WFS1 and NOTCH2 genes associated with diabetic nephropathy in T2DM patients
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255 Effects of High Glucose on the Expression of LAMA1 and Biological Behavior of Choroid Retinal Endothelial Cells
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256 Assessment of blood glucose variability by continuous monitoring as a therapy guide for patients with diabetic nephropathy on hemodialysis
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257 Protective Effect of Inulin and the Integrity of the Microvasculature in Diabetes Mellitus
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258 Endothelin-1 Regulation Is Entangled in a Complex Web of Epigenetic Mechanisms in Diabetes
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259 Diabetic retinopathy awareness and associations with multiple comorbidities: Insights from DIAMOND Study
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260 Patient reported experience of blood glucose management when undergoing hyperbaric oxygen treatment
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Collegian. 2018;
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261 A review of the anti-inflammatory properties of antidiabetic agents providing protective effects against vascular complications in diabetes
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262 Glycaemic indices and haemoglobin A1c as predictors for non-healing ulcers
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263 STAT3 and Nrf2 pathways modulate the protective effect of verapamil on lung injury of diabetic rats
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264 OBSERVATIONAL STUDY EVALUATING ASSOCIATION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS AND THYROID DYSFUNCTION
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265 Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and inflammation in chronic kidney disease: Possible molecular pathways
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266 Personal Health Coaching as a Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Self-Management Strategy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
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267 Agonist-Biased Signaling via Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Promotes Extracellular Matrix Remodeling
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268 Topical Application of Adelmidrol + Trans-Traumatic Acid Enhances Skin Wound Healing in a Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mouse Model
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269 Investigation of effects of neurotrophic factors on painful diabetic neuropathy: an experimental study
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270 Diabetes Mellitus Associates with Increased Right Ventricular Afterload and Remodeling in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
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271 Potential of traditionally consumed medicinal herbs, spices, and food plants to inhibit key digestive enzymes geared towards diabetes mellitus management — A systematic review
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272 Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety of Newer Antidiabetic Drugs Approved from 2013 to 2017 in Controlling HbA1c in Diabetes Patients
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273 The Saudi Diabetic Kidney Disease study (Saudi-DKD): clinical characteristics and biochemical parameters
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274 Glycerol dehydration of native and diabetic animal tissues studied by THz-TDS and NMR methods
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275 Inhibition of macrophage inflammatory protein-1ß improves endothelial progenitor cell function and ischemia-induced angiogenesis in diabetes
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276 Prevention of Vascular Complications in Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Focus on the Arterial Wall
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277 Importance and Potential of Dentists in Identifying Patients at High Risk of Diabetes
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278 Circulating matrix modulators (MMP-9 and TIMP-1) and their association with severity of diabetic retinopathy
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Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2018;
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279 Diabetic dyslipidemia and microvascular complications of diabetes
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280 Increased Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes–Related Complications in Combined Type 2 Diabetes and Sickle Cell Trait
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281 Downregulation of long non-coding RNAs LINC00523 and LINC00994 in type 2 diabetes in an Iranian cohort
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282 Neuroprotective Effect of Hydroxytyrosol in Experimental Diabetic Retinopathy: Relationship with Cardiovascular Biomarkers
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283 Association of carotid intima-media thickness with exercise tolerance test in type 2 diabetic patients
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284 Association of ACE2 polymorphisms with susceptibility to essential hypertension and dyslipidemia in Xinjiang, China
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285 Enhanced calcium entry via activation of NOX/PKC underlies increased vasoconstriction induced by methylglyoxal
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286 Analysis of inflammatory cytokine and TLR expression levels in Type 2 Diabetes with complications
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287 Incidence of complications in young-onset diabetes: Comparing type 2 with type 1 (the young diab study)
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288 Significance of cardiac and iron profile alteration in diabetic patients
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289 O-GlcNAc modification of Sp1 mediates hyperglycaemia-induced ICAM-1 up-regulation in endothelial cells
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290 Dynamics of Diabetes and Obesity: Epidemiological Perspective
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291 Reduced serum milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8) concentrations are associated with an increased risk of microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes
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292 Danhong Huayu Koufuye Prevents Diabetic Retinopathy in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats via Antioxidation and Anti-Inflammation
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293 Mitochondrial miRNAs in diabetes: just the tip of the iceberg
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294 Expression of JAZF1, ABCC8, KCNJ11and Notch2 genes and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms in type 2 diabetes, and their association with microvascular complications
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295 Long-term efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors as add-on to metformin treatment in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus
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296 Pancreatic Elastography From Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging for Evaluation of Diabetic Microangiopathy
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297 Targeting Obesity and Diabetes to Treat Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
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298 MicroRNA and Diabetic Complications- a clinical perspective
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299 Prevalence of Osteoporosis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) Scan
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300 Renoprotective Effects of the Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin: A Review in Type 2 Diabetes
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301 Novel insights into DNA methylation and its critical implications in diabetic vascular complications
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302 Restoration of Impaired Metabolic Energy Balance (ATP Pool) and Tube Formation Potential of Endothelial Cells under “high glucose”, Diabetic Conditions by the Bioinorganic Polymer Polyphosphate
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305 Role of protein carbonylation in diabetes
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306 Effect of Pseudocereal-Based Breakfast Meals on the First and Second Meal Glucose Tolerance in Healthy and Diabetic Subjects
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