New-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) is frequently encountered after kidney transplant. In the present study, we retrospectively evaluated the safety and efficacy of linagliptin monotherapy in 21 renal transplant recipients in a real world setting. We found linagliptin monotherapy is effective for glycemic control in NODAT, even on glucocorticoids and standard dose of tacrolimus. There was no alteration of tacrolimus drug levels or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and minimal side effects, including weight gain and hypoglycemia. Well-designed, powered randomized controlled of antiglycemic agents in NODAT are needed.

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Objective: To investigate any possible relationship between serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) with body mass index (BMI) in healthy adults. Materials and Methods: A total of 417 subjects aged 18-60 years who volunteered to get screened for thyroid illness with serum TSH have been enrolled from November 2012 to July 2013. Patients were divided into four groups based on BMI value: Underweight (BMI <18 kg/m ² ), normal (BMI: 18-22.9 kg/m ² ), overweight (BMI: 23-24.9 kg/m ² ), and obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m ² ). Result: In our study we found a significant variation (P < 0.001) in TSH with increasing BMI. As the BMI increased, mean TSH in the BMI range also increased. The individuals with higher BMI had higher TSH and this trend continued from underweight to Obese. The mean TSH of underweight group was 1.6036 mIU/L, normal weight group 2.1727 mIU/L, overweight group 2.2870 mIU/L and obese group 2.6416 mIU/L. Conclusion: In this study we found a significant relationship between serum TSH and BMI and mean TSH increased as BMI increased. Further large scale data from the population is required to confirm our findings.

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Altered expression of glucose transporters is a major characteristic of diabetes. Vitamin D has evolved widespread interest in the pathogenesis and prevention of diabetes. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of vitamin D in the overall regulation of muscle cell glucose transporter expression. L6 cells were exposed to type 1 and type 2 diabetic conditions and the effect of calcitriol (1,25, dihydroxy cholicalciferol) on the expression of glucose transporters was studied by real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). There was a significant decrease in glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1), GLUT4, vitamin D receptor (VDR), and IR expression in type 1 and 2 diabetic model compared to control group. Treatment of myoblasts with 10-7 M calcitriol for 24 h showed a significant increase in GLUT1, GLUT4, VDR, and insulin receptor (IR) expression. The results indicate a potential antidiabetic function of vitamin D on GLUT1, GLUT4, VDR, and IR by improving receptor gene expression suggesting a role for vitamin D in regulation of expression of the glucose transporters in muscle cells.

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Fetal thyrotoxicosis is a rare disease occurring in 1 out of 70 pregnancies with Grave's disease or in 1 out of 4000-50,000 deliveries. The mortality is 12-20%, usually from heart failure, but other complications are tracheal compression, infections and thrombocytopenia. It results from transfer of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins from mother to fetus through the placenta. This transplacental transfer begins around 20 ^th week of pregnancy and reaches its maximum by 30 ^th week. These autoantibodies bind to the fetal thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors and increase the secretion of the thyroid hormones. The mother has an active autoimmune thyroid disease or has been treated for it in the past. She may be absolutely euthyroid due to past treatment by drugs, surgery or radioiodine ablation, but still have active TSH receptor stimulating autoantibodies, which can cause fetal thyrotoxicosis. The other features of this disease are fetal tachycardia, fetal goiter and history of spontaneous abortions and findings of goiter, ascites, craniosyntosis, fetal growth retardation, maceration and hydrops at fetal autopsy. If untreated, this disease can result in intrauterine death. The treatment for this disease consists of giving carbimazole to the mother, which is transferred through the placenta to the fetus. The dose of carbimazole is titrated with the fetal heart rate. If the mother becomes hypothyroid due to carbimazole, thyroxine is added taking advantage of the fact that very little of thyroxine is transferred across the placenta. Neonatal thyrotoxicosis patients are very sick and require emergency treatment. The goal of the treatment is to normalize thyroid functions as quickly as possible, to avoid iatrogenic hypothyroidism while providing management and supportive therapy for the infant's specific signs and symptoms.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, progressive, medically incurable disease and is poorly controlled in a vast majority, in spite of tremendous advancements in pharmacotherapy. Altered gut microbiome can predict diabetes. There is strong and consistent evidence regarding role of the gut and many gut hormones like incretins in energy and glucose homeostasis. Incretin group of agents including glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors are efficacious therapeutic agents in diabetes treatment. A growing body of evidence, however, appears to indicate that type 2 DM (T2DM) may be an operable intestinal illness-a novel revolutionary concept about an old disease. This may facilitate research that can better clarify our understanding of the etiology of the disease and provide a new opportunity to develop new and more effective therapies. Future research should focus on an approach to bypass the bypass, that is, to replace the gastric bypass by equally effective but less invasive treatments for majority of diabetics.

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Androgen excess is one of the most common and disturbing endocrine disorder of reproductive-aged women, affecting approximately 7% of this population Androgen excess results in the development of androgenic features in the women affected, with the development of hirsutism, androgenic alopecia, ovulatory dysfunction, and, if extreme, even virilization and masculinization. Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy accounting for 0.02% of all annual cancers reported. About 60% are functional tumors secreting hormones, with its consequent clinical manifestations, the Cushing's syndrome due to cortisone, virilization due to androgens, feminization due to estrogens, or hypertension due to aldosterone. Adrenal tumors that secrete androgens exclusively are extremely rare. Here, we present a rare case of androgen-secreting adrenocortical carcinoma with non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

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Introduction: Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are endocrinal disruptors that tend to accumulate in adipose tissue and have been found to be associated with Metabolic Syndrome (MS). Aim and Objectives: 1. To measure serum OCP levels in patients of MS and control subjects, 2. To identify differences, if any, in serum OCP levels, in patients with MS and control subjects. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted in the Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry at University College of Medical Sciences (UCMS) and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital (GTBH), Delhi. Nine OCPs [α-HCH (Hexachlorocyclohexane), β-HCH, g-HCH, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, aldrin, dieldrin, p, p'-DDT (Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloro-ethane), and p, p'-DDE (Dichloro-diphenyl-dichloro-ethylene)] were studied. Fifty subjects ≥18 years with MS (study group) and 50 age and sex-matched controls were included in the study. Exclusion criteria: (1) Persons having chronic occupational exposure to OCPs such as workers of pesticide factories, (2) Recent exposure to OCPs within 4 weeks. Results: Levels of all nine OCPs were higher in cases as compared to controls. However, only the mean value of β-HCH in cases (8.40 ± 8.64 ng/ml) was significantly (P < 0.001) higher as compared to controls (2.58 ± 2.34 ng/ml). After adjustment of confounding factors like age, sex, smoking, alcohol, and body mass index (BMI), only β-HCH and aldrin levels were positively and significantly associated with the risk of having MS. Adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) was 1.34 [CI = 1.14-1.57 (P < 0.001)] and 1.23 [CI = 1.01-1.50 (P = 0.045)], respectively. Conclusion: There was a significant association of β- HCH and aldrin levels with MS.

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Rathke's cleft cysts (RCC) are cystic sellar and suprasellar lesions derived from remnants of Rathke's pouch, lined by cuboidal or columnar epithelium. RCC are usually asymptomatic but can present with headache, visual impairment, panhypopituitarism and hypothalamic dysfunction. Diabetes Insipidus as a presenting symptom of RCC is reported, but rare. We present a case of a 48-year-old male presenting with polyuria and on investigations found to have central diabetes insipidus due to a sellar RCC. Patient underwent transsphenoidal surgery with complete excision with resolution of his symptoms. His polyuria resolved post-surgery without vasopressin replacement, which has never been reported.

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The peripartum control of diabetes is very important for the well-being of the newborn as higher incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia is seen if maternal hyperglycemia happens during this period. Type of diabetes (type 1, type 2 or gestational diabetes) also has an effect on the glucose concentration during intrapartum period. During the latent phase of labor, the metabolic demands are stable but during active labor there is increased metabolic demand and decreased insulin requirement. After delivery once the placenta is extracted, insulin resistance rapidly comes down and in patients with pre-gestational diabetes there will be a sudden drop in insulin requirement and the insulin may not be required in women with gestational diabetes, but they just need close monitoring. During breast-feeding blood glucose levels fall because of high metabolic demand and women need to take extra calories to maintain the levels and more vigilance especially in type 1 and type 2 diabetic mothers is required. The protocols used for the management of peripartum management of diabetes mostly rely on glucose and insulin infusion to maintain maternal blood sugars between 70 and 110 mg/dl. The data is mostly from retrospective studies and few randomized control trials done mainly in type 1 diabetes patients. The review summarizes guidelines, which are used for peripartum management of blood glucose.

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A 35-year-female presented with generalized weakness, weight loss, and progressive pigmentation was worked up for suspicion of Addisons disease. On examination hyper pigmentation was noted on both palmar and dorsal aspect of hands involving knuckles, creases, feet, tongue, oral mucosa and gluteal region. There was no evidence of hypocortisolemia as initially suspected, and literature search revealed a possibility of vitamin B12 deficiency. She had megaloblastic anemia with a low serum vitamin B12, mostly due to poor dietary intake. Her hyper pigmentation resolved with vitamin B12 supplementation. Skin biopsy showed increased pigmentation at stratum spinosum and basal-layer. The mechanism of hyper pigmentation in vitamin B12 deficiency was due to an increase in melanin synthesis.

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A total number of 140 type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) were enrolled in the study from diabetic clinic during May 2011 till June 2012 to determine correlation between severity of DR with serum lipid and other modifiable risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients. Information including age, sex, height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure was collected from each patient. Fasting plasma sugar, low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride level (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1 _C ), creatinine, and 24 h urinary albumin excretion was done for each patient. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was measured by modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation. Patients were divided in five groups according to retinopathy status based on early treatment DR study (ETDRS) disease severity level. Statistical analysis was performed with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) statistical software (version 17.0 for Windows). The alpha level was set at P = 0.05 for all tests. Statistically significant positive correlation between severity of DR with systolic blood pressure P = 0.005 (r = 0.974), diastolic blood pressure P = 0.001(r = 0.994), LDL P = 0.005 (r = 0.976), TG P = 0.001 (r = 0.990), and 24 h urinary albumin P = 0.004 (r = 0.977) was documented. DR was also strongly positively correlated with smoking P = 0.017 (r = 0.941) and duration of diabetes P = 0.003 (r = 0.981). There was strong inverse correlation of DR with HDL P = 0.001 (r = −0.994) and eGFR P = 0.002 (r = −0.987). Serum lipids were significantly correlated with severity of DR.

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Hypocalcemia is a rare reversible cause of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and congestive heart failure; however, there are few reported cases, especially in infants. We describe 12 infants presenting with DCM and congestive cardiac failure who were found to have hypocalcemia. Vitamin D deficiency was the cause of hypocalcemia in all cases. The infants improved on supplementation with vitamin D and calcium.

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Commonly cardiovascular risk (CVR) is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus as this type is known to be part of the metabolic syndrome, which includes other cardiovascular factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia. Inversely, CVR of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is currently being debated apart from the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy (DN). For this, we did a review of CVR in patients with T1DM complicated or not with DN. The place of novel non-invasive techniques in screening of subclinical vascular damage is also discussed in this review.

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Mauriac syndrome is a rare syndrome associated with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) in children presenting with growth retardation, hepatomegaly, and cushingoid features. Recently, there has been re-emergence of this syndrome, especially with the use of premix insulin. A 15-year old type 1 diabetic boy, who was on premix insulin with erratic blood glucose, was referred to us for evaluation of short stature. He had significant short stature, hepatomegaly, and cushingoid features. His growth hormone (GH) stimulation was normal, and so was the overnight dexamethasone suppression test, based on which the diagnosis of Mauriac syndrome was reported. He was made to switch over to basal bolus regime, and was advised to follow-up for 6 months. He had reduction in hepatomegaly and a height gain of 3 cms.

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Athletes have been misusing growth hormone (GH) for its anabolic and metabolic effects since the early 1980s, at least a decade before endocrinologists began to treat adults with GH deficiency. Although there is an ongoing debate about whether GH is performance enhancing, recent studies suggest that GH improves strength and sprint capacity, particularly when combined with anabolic steroids. The detection of GH misuse is challenging because it is an endogenous hormone. Two approaches have been developed to detect GH misuse; the first is based on the measurement of pituitary GH isoforms and the ratio of 22-kDa isoform to total GH. The second is based on the measurement of insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen (P-III-NP) which increase in a dose-dependent manner in response to GH administration. Both methodologies have been approved by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and have led to the detection of a number of athletes misusing GH.

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Diabetes is known to increase the risk of infection and the commonest amongst them are the ones involving the genitourinary tract. The infections in a diabetic patient are unique in that they are recurrent, more severe, requiring hospitalization, and also have higher mortality than nondiabetics. Some infections are exclusively found in diabetics like the emphysematous pyelonephritis while others have their natural history complicated due to hyperglycemia. Asymptomatic bacteriuria may lead to albuminuria and urinary tract infection and may need to be treated in diabetics. Not just this certain organisms have a predilection for the genitourinary tract of the diabetic patient. All of the above makes the diabetic patient vulnerable to infections and therefore early diagnosis and appropriate treatment is mandatory.

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Aims: The second Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs (DAWN-2) study assessed psychosocial issues and health-care provision of people with diabetes, their family members and health-care professionals. Materials and Methods: Participants completed an online, telephone or in-person survey designed to assess health-related quality-of-life, self-management, attitudes/beliefs, social support and priorities for improving diabetes care as well as health-care provision and the impact of diabetes on family life. Results: A total of 8596 adults with diabetes, 2057 family members of people with diabetes and 4785 health-care professionals across 17 countries completed the survey. There were significant between country differences, but no one country's outcomes were consistently better or worse than others. A high proportion of people with diabetes reported likely depression (13.8%) and poor quality-of-life (12.2%). Diabetes had a negative impact on many aspects of life, including relationships with family/friends and physical health. A third of family members did not know how to help the person with diabetes, but wanted to be more involved in their care. Many health-care professionals indicated that major improvements were needed across a range of areas including health-care organization, resources for diabetes prevention, earlier diagnosis and treatment and psychological support. Conclusions: DAWN-2 is a multinational, multidisciplinary systematic study that compared unmet needs of people with diabetes and those who care for them in 17 countries across four continents. Its findings should facilitate innovative efforts to improve self-management and psychosocial support in diabetes, with the aim of reducing the burden of disease. The implications for India are discussed.

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Diabetes mellitus has been increasing in prevalence and imposes serious economic burdens on both the developed as well as the developing world. Understanding pathobiological underpinning of chronic progressive disease like diabetes is an imperative that we cannot escape. For several decades now, the focus has remained on a two hit theory which begins with insulin resistance and is followed thereafter by the β cell failure. Therapies have revolved around this concept with only limited success. Reorientation in our understanding of "islet pathology" should help rethink strategies that would yield better dividends in terms of effective therapy. Role of Glucagon needs to be revisited and incorporated to create treatment regimens addressing the concept of bi-hormonal defect rather than remaining stuck in standalone "insulinopathy." This brief review hopes to initiate/continue that dialogue.

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Rickets/osteomalacia is an important problem in a tropical country. Many cases are due to poor vitamin D intake or calcium deficient diets and can be corrected by administration of calcium and vitamin D. However, some cases are refractory to vitamin D therapy and are related to renal defects. These include rickets of renal tubular acidosis (RTA), hypophosphatemic rickets, and vitamin D dependent rickets (VDDR). The latter is due to impaired action of 1α-hydroxylase in renal tubule. These varieties need proper diagnosis and specific treatment.

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Rhabdomyolysis results from acute damage of the skeletal muscle brought on by various conditions of which hypokalemia is a recognized, but less common condition. Although primary aldosteronism may cause severe hypokalemia leading to rhabdomyolysis, the patients may have potassium levels within the normal range on routine biochemistry. In addition, hypokalemia may be triggered by initiation of diuretic therapy for control of hypertension. Here, we describe a patient with an aldosterone secreting adrenal adenoma, who presented with acute rhabdomyolysis secondary to severe hypokalemia triggered by initiation of diuretic therapy.

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We report a 2-month-old child with galactosemia and falsely high glucose readings with a glucometer using mutant variant of quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase (MutQ-GDH) chemistry. Potentially fatal hypoglycemia could have been induced in the child if insulin infusion had been initiated as per glycemic management protocol. Even though, the product information with the glucometer carries warning regarding interference by high galactose levels, the awareness regarding this interaction is generally poor in many practice settings. Although, false readings have been reported with glucose dehydrogenase pyrroloquinoline quinone (GDH-PQQ) glucometers, to our knowledge this is the first case report of a falsely high glucose reading due to high galactose in a proven case of galactosemia with a glucometer using the MutQ-GDH chemistry (a modified GDH-PQQ chemistry). Our experience has prompted us to write this case report and we suggest avoiding these glucometers in neonates and infants when a metabolic disease is suspected.

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Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a life-threatening condition most commonly observed in diabetes, with nephrectomy believed to be the treatment of choice. However, nephrectomy in EPN is associated with increased risk of complications secondary to associated hemodynamic instability and may result in lifelong hemodialysis in case of bilateral EPN. We present three patients of severe bilateral EPN and one patient of unilateral EPN with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) successfully managed conservatively. Patient 1 (severe bilateral EPN) and patient 4 (unilateral EPN with DKA) responded to aggressive broad spectrum antibiotics, whereas patients 2 and 3 (severe bilateral EPN) responded to broad spectrum antibiotics along with percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD). PCD resulted in initial drainage of 300 and 200 ml of pus, respectively. All patients had associated uncontrolled hyperglycemia, poor glycemic control (HbA1c >8.5%), prerenal and intrinsic renal failure, leukocytosis, and dyselectrolytemia which responded to aggressive supportive management and insulin. There are several reports of successful medical management of severe bilateral EPN. Nephrectomy might no longer be the preferred treatment of severe bilateral EPN and may be reserved for patients' refractory to antibiotics and PCD. Urgent randomized controlled trials are warranted in EPN to optimize the treatment protocols.

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Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) are widely used especially in Asian countries as a treatment option for type 2 diabetes patients with high postprandial glycaemia. However, data from South Asia region is very limited. In order to examine the effect of AGI in real-life setting, 10 PMS/NIS from all over the world from the launch of acarbose to date were pooled in one database and exploratory analysis was performed for glycemic parameters and weight. In total 62,905 patients were pooled from 21 countries and regions. Mean follow up (± SD) was 12.2 ± 4.8 weeks (range 0.1-108.9). From South Asia region (India and Pakistan), 8,738 Asian patients were enrolled. Mean PPG decreased from 240.0 and 261.1 mg/dl at baseline by 70.26 ± 65.10 and 82.96 ± 56.59 mg/dl at the last visit in total and South Asian populations, respectively (n = 53,883; n = 7,991, P < 0.0001 for both). Mean FPG decreased from 171.6 and 176.5 mg/dl at baseline by 38.48 ± 47.83 and 49.59 ± 41.41 mg/dl at the last visit in total and South Asian populations, respectively (n = 56,672; n = 7,837, P < 0.0001 for both). Mean HbA1c decreased from 8.4 and 8.4% at baseline by 1.11 ± 1.31% and 0.91 ± 0.93% at the last visit in total and South Asian populations, respectively (n = 38,843; n = 2,343, P < 0.0001 for both). Mean relative reduction of body weight (BW) was 1.40 ± 3.28% and 1.10 ± 3.39% at the last visit for mean baseline BW 73.6 and 74.2 kg in total and South Asian populations, respectively (n = 54,760; n = 7,718, P < 0.0001 for both). Consistent with RCT meta-analyses, post-hoc analysis of real-life data showed acarbose treatment improved glycaemic control and reduced the BW. Acarbose treatment in real life setting showed significant reductions in all glycemic parameters and BW in Asian patients from South Asia region.

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Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are widely used especially in Asian countries as a treatment option for type 2 diabetes patients with high postprandial glycemia (PPG). The higher carbohydrate in the Indian diets lead to greater prandial glycemic excursion, increased glucosidase, and incretin activity in the gut and may need special therapeutic strategies to tackle these glucose peaks. This is the subgroup analysis of Indian subjects who participated in the GlucoVIP study that investigated the effectiveness and tolerability of acarbose as add-on or monotherapy in a range of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 1996 Indian patients were included in the effectiveness analysis. After 12.5 weeks (mean), the mean change in 2-hour PPG from baseline was −74.4 mg/dl, mean HbA1c decreased by -1.0%, and mean fasting blood glucose decreased by -37.9 mg/dl. The efficacy of acarbose was rated "very good" or "good" in 91.1% of patients, and tolerability as "very good" or "good" in 88.0% of patients. The results of this observational study suggest that acarbose was effective and well tolerated in the Indian patients with T2DM.

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Introduction: Obesity has always been thought to be a risk factor for diabetes; however, some studies in India have reported that even lean people are prone to diabetes. We conducted this study to see if this holds true for this part of the country. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of lean type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in recently diagnosed type 2 DM in Manipur. Materials and Methods: All recently diagnosed type 2 DM patients, within a period of 24 weeks, who attended the endocrine clinic of RIMS from Jan to Dec 2012 are included in the study. Exclusion criteria are patients with chronic diseases. Results: Out of the 181 recently diagnosed diabetics 3.9% had a BMI of <19 kg/m ² of which five are females (5.4% of female patients) and two are males (2.2% of male patients). Mean age of Lean diabetics is 54.86 ± 15.32, mean fasting glucose is 212 ± 105.5 mg% and mean postprandial glucose is 351.57 ± 167.79 mg%. DM complications were observed in 28.6% of the Lean diabetics. Conclusion: Our study shows a low prevalence rate of Lean DM in recently diagnosed type 2 DM.

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The association of gonadal dysgenesis and Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome is very rare. We report a 21-year-old phenotypical female who presented with primary amenorrhea and underdeveloped secondary sexual characteristics. Hormonal evaluation revealed hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Her karyotype was 46XX. Laparoscopy of pelvis revealed absent uterus, normal fallopian tubes and bilateral streak ovaries, which were biopsied and histopathology was consistent with the findings of gonadal dysgenesis. We searched PubMed for similar reports in the literature and details of all the cases were analyzed and reported here.

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Aromatase inhibitors (AI) have been used in males in idiopathic short stature, constitutional delay of puberty, precocious puberty, gynecomastia, oligospermia, hypogonadism related to obesity and ageing. This retrospective study echoed the benefit of AI in Indian males in varied conditions.

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Objective: Adiponectin- one of the most important adipokines plays a pivotal role in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and vascular biology. Changing food trend and lifestyle has tremendously affected the health status of Nepalese population. Studies have shown that between 1996 and 2006 obesity in Nepal has increased from 1.6% to 10%. Studies have been conducted in Nepal on the prevalence of obesity and its correlation with lipid profile. But based on our knowledge, this is the first study correlating adiponectin with obesity and lipid profile in Nepal. This piece of work will certainly help to assess the impact of obesity in Nepalese population. Materials and Methods: Fifty four obese and Thirty six normal/lean participants were included from different locations of Kathmandu Valley. Anthropometric measurements like age, BMI, Waist circumference, hip circumference, waist to hip ratio, mid thigh circumference and chest circumferences were taken from each participant. Blood glucose, lipid profile and serum adiponectin levels were measured from overnight fasting samples. Results: Significant differences were observed in BMI, Waist Circumference, Hip Circumference, Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR) and Chest circumference between obese and normal groups. Fasting Blood Glucose, Serum Triglyceride, HDL Cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol, Total Cholesterol/HDL ratio, Non-HDL Cholesterol and Adiponectin Levels were significant between the groups. Inverse correlations were observed between adiponectin level and BMI, Waist Circumference, Hip Circumference, Waist to Hip ratio, Chest Circumference, Fasting Blood Glucose, Triglyceride, Total Cholesterol/HDL ratio, LDL/HDL Cholesterol ratio and Non-HDL Cholesterol levels. Positive correlation was found between adiponectin and HDL Cholesterol levels. Conclusion: Our study showed significant inverse association of serum adiponectin with obesity and lipid profile parameters except for Serum HDL Cholesterol level in Nepalese population.

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Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is now the contemporary form of previously existing classical disease, which is increasingly diagnosed due to hypercalcemia with asymptomatic form predominant in developed countries, whereas symptomatic form predominant in developing countries. So, we highlighted important subtle features of PHPT, problems in diagnosis in day to day practice in patients with PHPT at our center.

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Introduction: Presentation of the ischemic stroke due to vasoactive intestinal peptide producing tumor (VIPoma) or Verner Morrison syndrome is rare. This is first of its kind case which we are reporting here which was later turned out to be multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) syndrome with diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism in the same patient in follow-up. Description of the Case: A 13-year-old girl presented to our emergency department with features of disorientation, weakness of left sided extremities. She had watery high volume diarrhea and related dehydration with renal failure. Blood chemistry was suggestive of hypokalemia with metabolic acidosis. Patient had flushing on her face during this episode of illness. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain suggested venous infarct. Computed tomography (CT) scan of abdomen done with high index of suspicion was suggestive of mass in tail of pancreas mostly a VIPoma. Patient was operated for the tumor after which there was no recurrence of diarrhea. Biopsy of tumor was consistent with VIPoma with chomogranin A positivity. Patient improved of her stroke episode with time. On follow-up she is diagnosed to have primary hyperparathyroidism with hypercalcemia due to left inferior parathyroid adenoma which improved with intravenous (IV) zolindronic acid therapy and now she is planned to undergo parathyroidectomy. Conclusion: VIPoma is a rare tumor but is well-described with MEN 1. Stroke as a presenting feature of VIPoma is first reported with this case.

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Thyroid hormone mediates growth and development of the skeleton through its direct effects and through its permissive effects on growth hormone. The effect of hypothyroidism on bone is well described in congenital hypothyroidism, but the impact of thyroid hormone deficiency on a growing skeleton, as it happens with juvenile hypothyroidism, is less defined. In addition, the extent to which the skeletal defects of juvenile hypothyroidism revert on the replacement of thyroid hormone is not known. A study was undertaken in 29 juvenile autoimmune hypothyroid patients to study the skeletal manifestations of juvenile hypothyroidism and the impact of treatment of hypothyroidism on the skeletal system of juvenile patients. Hypothyroidism has a profound impact on the skeletal system and delayed bone age, dwarfism, and thickened bands at the metaphyseal ends being the most common findings. Post treatment, skeletal findings like delayed bone age and dwarfism improved significantly, but there were no significant changes in enlargement of sella, presence of wormian bones, epihyseal dysgenesis, vertebral changes and thickened band at the metaphyseal ends. With the treatment of hypothyroidism, there is an exuberant advancement of bone age, the catch up of bone age being approximately double of the chronological age advancement.

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Cerebral Venous Thrombosis ( CVT ) is a multifactorial condition which is described as idiopathic in 12.5% of patients. Hyperthyroidism has been associated with CVT in many case reports, and increased levels of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor (vWF) have been proposed as the possible link in this association, but only few rare case reports have described an association of hypothyroidism with CVT. We report here a case of autoimmune thyroiditis presenting with CVT.

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Liraglutide, a human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, decreases glycosylated hemoglobin and causes weight loss. However, the cost of therapy and gastrointestinal side- effects such as nausea and diarrhea are important impediments to adherence and long-term compliance. We assessed the efficacy, safety and tolerability of low dose (0.6 mg) liraglutide in obese uncontrolled longstanding type 2 diabetes in Indian patients. Low dose liraglutide improved glycemic control and decreased weight. However, there was a significant drop out because of gastrointestinal intolerance and financial constraints.

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In 2011 census, 5.3% of the Indian population was > 65 years of age. This number has steadily grown over past few years and is steeply growing. Healthcare burden of elderly diabetics is immense and proper diagnosis and treatment alone can prevent further complications. According to the most recent surveillance data in U.S., the prevalence of diabetes among U.S. adults aged ≥65 years varies from 22 to 33%, depending on the diagnostic criteria used. In CSIR-NEERI, India, we have healthcare system wherein a fixed and limited number of patients are treated for their lifetime by qualified practitioners with negligible financial burden of the treatment costs. The patients have regular monthly follow up and hence we diagnose Diabetes and evaluate the control and diagnose micro vascular and macro vascular complications in all patients. We did retrospective analysis of all elderly patients following up in NEERI Hospital to find the exact prevalence of T2DM in elderly. It was observed that from total 585 elderly people, 178 had T2DM (30.42%- Prevalence).The sex ratio of Diabetic males to females was almost equal (1:0.97).Obesity was present in 114 people (64%).High prevalence of hypertension was found in Diabetic elderly population (80%). Comparing our prevalence rates with few other studies, it was found that our prevalence rates are quite high. The contributing factors may be urban living, with high prevalence of central obesity and Asian ethnicity, over and above, data of all patients undergoing treatment is available. We treated all diabetics with persistent values of Systolic BP > 130 mm of Hg and Diastolic values of BP > 80mm of Hg as Hypertensives, in order to achieve reduction in cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. This paper is for awareness of disease burden, in real primary care setup. It is not cross-sectional study but study with 100% inclusion of beneficiaries'. This is real world urban diabetes prevalence, also associated hypertension and central obesity prevalence.

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Ramadan, one of the five pillars of Islam, is a holy month in Algeria where diabetes mellitus (DM) is more frequent in urban areas with a frequency which varies from 8 to 16%. DM complications are broadly as frequent as in developed countries, except for neuropathy which seems more frequent. Despite contraindications which are regularly explained to our patients and despite the flexible side of Islam toward chronic diseases, most Algerian people with DM insist on fasting. Not fasting is considered a sin and shameful. There are also other reasons put forward by diabetic persons, such as very strong religious faith, habit of fasting together with the whole family since an early age, solidarity with the family, friends, and neighbors, and finally and probably because of the desire to appear "normal" and share a festive and a spiritual atmosphere of Ramadan. As in other Muslim countries, severe hypoglycemia the main motive of hospitalizations during the holy month, ketoacidosis, dehydration, orthostatic hypotension and thrombosis are some of the complications which Algerian people with DM are exposed to when fasting.

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Context: Adolescence is a period of biological, cognitive and social transition of such magnitude and rapidity that it is no surprise to find that it is associated with the onset or exacerbation of a number of health-related problems. It is the level of self-awareness among adolescents, which enables them to see where their thoughts and emotions take them. Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the extent of awareness regarding adolescent changes/problems among school going adolescents. Settings and Design: It was a cross-sectional study and was carried out in Block Beri, District, Jhajjar (Haryana). Materials and Methods: A sample of 320 adolescent students of 9 ^th -12 ^th classes (80 from each school) were selected from four randomly chosen large Government senior secondary schools with strength of more than 250 students (two girls and two boys/co-ed senior secondary schools). Data were collected on predesigned, pre-tested and semi-structured schedules by conducting in-depth interviews of selected study adolescents by the investigator. Statistical Analysis Used: Percentages, proportions, Chi-square test, Chi-square test with Yate's correction and t-test. Results: Out of 320, 212 (66.3%) study adolescents were aware of at least one adolescent change(s) whereas, when probed and further asked to enumerate the changes taking place in them, 272/320 (85%) adolescents could narrate at least one such change. Out of those 272, 24 (8.82%) (95% CI 6.0-12.79) adolescents either did not consider these changes as normal or they did not know whether the changes were normal or abnormal. Conclusions: Adolescents greatly lack correct information related to their bodies' physiological, psychological and sexual changes. There is an urgent need for regular adolescent friendly information, education and communication activities covering different aspects of adolescent knowledge needs/problems.

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Insulin allergy is a rare occurrence which can present diagnostic and management dilemmas for the clinician. Three types of reaction have been reported: Localized, generalized (systemic), and insulin resistance. All need to be considered in cases of suspected insulin allergy. Adverse reactions to insulin have significantly decreased since the introduction of recombinant human insulin preparations. However, cases with insulin allergy continues to present in the clinic. Symptoms range from local injection site reactions to severe generalized anaphylactic reactions. The case study presented here describes an event of suspected insulin allergy arising out of faulty insulin injection technique.

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The association of multisystem pathologic conditions and epidermal nevi, known as the epidermal nevus syndrome, includes disorders of bone, central nervous system, eye, kidney, vasculature and skin. Rarely, congenital nevomelanocytic nevus also known as hairy nevus has also been reported in association with hypophosphatemic rickets. Studies suggest that phosphaturia, caused by circulating factors, called "phosphatonins" may be secreted by an epidermal or hairy nevus. We report here, a rare case of hypophosphatemic rickets associated with a giant hairy nevus in a 10-year-old boy.

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Acute pancreatitis due to hypercalcemia associated with hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is not very common. We herein report a case of a 21-year-old woman, who presented with acute pancreatitis. She had a past history of recurrent nephrolithiasis. Subsequent evaluation revealed hypercalcemia (serum calcium: 12.6 mg/dL); low phosphate (2.9 mg/dL) with elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH, 156.7 pg/mL) and HbA1c (6.9%). Diagnosis of primary HPT (PHPT) was made. Recurrent pancreatitis due to hypercalcemia may have resulted in diabetes mellitus.

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Incidence of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) in pregnancy is 8/100,000 population/year with less than 200 cases reported. Physiological changes associated with pregnancy make a diagnosis of PHP difficult and 80% are asymptomatic. High index of suspicion is required as physiological hypocalcemia related to hemodilution, increased glomerular filtration rate resulting in maternal hypercalciuria and gestational hypoalbuminemia can mask hypercalcemia of PHP. Maternal and fetal complication rates are high. Early recognition followed by appropriate management and treatment significantly reduces complications. Here, we present a rare case of parathyroid carcinoma in pregnancy and highlight the difficulties in diagnosis given the non-specific symptoms related to hypercalcemia. We have also discussed the management of PHP during the pregnancy. PHP is a preventable cause of fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality.

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Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a disease clinically characterized by the association of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia. It is a neuronal migration disorder. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is used to visualize the olfactory tracts and to evaluate the olfactory sulci. Five patients who clinically had hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism were examined by MR. Thin coronal images of the interior frontal region were used to determine presence or absence of olfactory tract and to evaluate the olfactory sulci.

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Introduction: Empty sella is usually an incidental finding. Empty sella is an anatomical condition characterized by the presence of cerebrospinal fluid within the sella with a small pituitary gland compressed above the pituitary floor causing endocrine abnormalities. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate hormonal abnormalities associated with empty sella in tertiary care center. Materials and Methods: This ongoing study was carried out in patients attending to endocrine out-patient departments from August 2012 to July 2013. A detailed history and examination was done. Hormonal evaluation including free thyroid hormones, thyroid stimulating hormone, growth hormone (GH), follicular stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, cortisol and prolactin was done. Results: A total of 16 patients diagnosed clinically and biochemically of hormonal abnormalities were found to have empty sella on magnetic resonance imaging. Hypocortisolemia in 62.5% of cases, hypothyroidism in 50% of cases, in 18.75% hypogonadism, hyper prolactinemia in 18.7.5%, GH deficiency in 12.5% of cases and in 12.5% cases posterior pituitary involvement is seen. Conclusion: The high incidence of endocrine abnormalities associated with empty sella necessitates the need for prompt evaluation and early replacement of hormones for better quality-of-life.

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Prolactinomas are solitary benign neoplasms and resistance to dopamine agonists occur in a small percentage of prolactinomas. Multiple pituitary adenomas are reported in less than 1% of pituitary adenomas and rarely result in resistant prolactinoma. We recently encountered an interesting patient of hyperprolactinemia with multiple pituitary microadenomas. Dopamine agonist use resulted in prolactin normalization and subsequent pregnancy resulted in drug withdrawal. Repeat evaluation after delivery showed a macroprolactinoma and dopamine agonist therapy resulted in biochemical cure without reduction in tumor size. We report the case for its presentation with multiple microadenomas progressing to macroprolactinoma suggesting polyclonal in origin.

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Pulse methylprednisolone therapy is the recommended therapy for moderate to severe and active ophthalmopathy, but high dose pulse methylprednisolone therapy is marred by the chances of fulminant hepatic failure and the high cost of therapy. Dexamethasone pulse therapy can be considered as an alternative to pulse methylprednisolone therapy. A prospective randomized control trial was carried out in 21 patients comparing pulse dexamethasone therapy versus pulse methyprednisolone therapy in Graves's ophthalmopathy. This study proved that pulse dexamethasone therapy is a cheaper and equally effective therapy for Graves's ophthalmopathy and the cost of therapy is reduced to at least 1/8 ^th s. Furthermore, dexa had a better effect on reduction of exophthalmos. The dreaded complication of fulminant hepatic failure, associated with high dose of methylprednisolone, is not seen with dexa therapy.

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Subclinical hypothyroidism based on population and trimester specific cut-offs is reported to complicate 1-2% of all pregnancies. Using the recent Endocrine Society guidelines of 2.5 mIU/L of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone as the upper level of normal in the first trimester the reported prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is much higher. Recent publications have also emphasized that there is considerable racial variation in the prevalence of thyroid disorders in pregnancy. Among published literature North Indian women appear to have the highest rates of subclinical hypothyroidism in the first trimester of pregnancy. More widespread use of universal screening and trimester specific ranges in pregnancy for thyroid hormonal assays will lead to a large number of North Indian women requiring treatment for thyroid disorders in pregnancy.

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Diabetic kidney disease, in present days, is being recognized as the commonest cause of end stage renal disease. Though there is no absolute therapy for diabetic kidney disease, decades of hard work has recognized some modifiable factors that can prevent its progression. This article is an attempt to review some recent advances in the understanding, diagnosis and management of diabetic kidney disease

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Many trials of the pros and cons of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy have been done and this treatment has evolved over time. Here, we present a review and current status of this therapy.

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Although hirsutism is a frequent and distressing disorder often signaling an underlying endocrine disorder, a systematic approach to evaluation and the use of combination therapy will provide satisfactory treatment for most patients.

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Infertility in a couple is defined as failure to conceive after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourses. Male infertility due to impaired spermatogenesis may result from hypothalamic, pituitary or testicular disorders. Medical management of infertility associated with gonadotropin deficiencies have high success rate, but for primary testicular failure assisted reproduction techniques (ART) with adjunctive endocrine manipulation remains the best therapeutic option. This article discusses various therapeutic options and regimes using gonadotropins, anti-estrgens, aromatase inhibitors in management of male subfertiltiy.

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Introduction: We report a case of acute adrenal insufficiency (AAI) in a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Case Report: A 44-year-old female patient presented to us with acute abdominal pain associated with recurrent vomiting and giddiness. On examination, her blood pressure was 80/50 mm Hg. Systemic examination was normal. Further evaluation revealed hypocortisolemia with elevated plasma adrenocorticotropin hormone indicative of primary adrenal insufficiency. Her abdominal computed tomography scan showed features of evolving bilateral adrenal infarction. Etiological work-up revealed prolonged activated thromboplastin time, which didn't correct with normal plasma, her anti-cardiolipin antibody and lupus anticoagulant were also positive. She was diagnosed to have APS with adrenal insufficiency and she was started on intravenous steroids and heparin infusion. Conclusion: AAI due to the APS can present with acute abdominal pain followed by hypotension. A high index of suspicion is needed to make the correct diagnosis and to initiate appropriate treatment.

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A 42-year-old lady, a known diabetic presented with generalized body ache, severe burning sensation over her lower limbs, loss of weight (approximately 8 kg), loss of appetite, nausea, frequent vomiting, and altered bowel habits without history of fever or pain abdomen. Symmetrical wasting was noted in all limbs with bilateral proximal muscle weakness, particularly of lower limbs. Ankle jerks were absent with symmetrically decreased reflexes. nerve conduction velocity (NCV) revealed symmetrical distal axonal and demyelinating type of sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Hematological and gastrointestinal (GI) malignancy were excluded. Patient responded to antidepressants.

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A 16-year-old person, reared as female presented with complaints of genital ambiguity and primary amenorrhoea along with lack of secondary sexual characters, but without short stature and Turner's stigmata. She was taking steroids after being misdiagnosed as congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Karyotype analysis revealed 46XY karyotype. There was no evidence of hypocortisolemia (cortisol 9.08 μg/dl, adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH] 82.5 pg/ml) or elevated level of 17-OH-progesterone (0.16 ng/ml). Pooled luteinizing hormone (LH) was 11.79 mIU/ml and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) was 66.37 mIU/ml. Serum estradiol level was 25 pg/ml (21-251). Basal and 72 h post beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels of androstenedione and testosterone levels were done (basal testosterone of 652 ng/dl and basal androstenedione of 1.17 ng/ml; 72 h post hCG testosterone of 896 ng/dl and androstenedione of 1.34 ng/ml). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pelvis (with ultrasonogrphy [USG] correlation) revealed uterus didelphys with obstructed right moiety and bilateral ovarian-like structures. Right sided gonads and adjacent tubal structures were visualized laparoscopically and removed. Left sided gonads were not visualized and Mullerian remnants were adhered to sigmoid colon. Histopathological examination revealed presence of testicular tissue showing atrophic seminiferous tubules with hyperplasia of Leydig cells. No ovarian tissue was seen. Based on these results a diagnosis of 46XY mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD) was made, which is rare and is difficult to distinguish from 46XY ovotesticular disorder of sexual differentiation (OT-DSD). The patient was managed with a multidisciplinary approach and fertility issues discussed with the patient's caregivers.

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Total 33 obese patients were studied to determine correlation in between liver fat content with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Liver and spleen attenuation measurements were taken with three regions of interests (ROIs) from the liver and two ROIs from the spleen. Hepatic attenuation indices were measured as follows: (1) Hepatic parenchymal attenuation (CT _LP ); (2) liver to spleen attenuation ratio (LS _ratio ); and (3) difference between hepatic and splenic attenuation (LS _dif ). Bivariate correlation analysis showed moderate but statistically significant negative correlation between CT _LP , LS _ratio , and LS _dif with body mass index, triglyceride, fasting plasma sugar, fasting plasma insulin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA IR), 2 h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and statistically significant positive correlation with high density lipoprotein. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with features of the metabolic syndrome. The amount of intrahepatic fat closely correlates with the number of metabolic syndrome features. The values of CT _LP , LS _ratio , and LS _dif demonstrate strong inverse correlations with degree of steatosis.

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Rickets is softening of bones due to defective mineralization of cartilage in the epiphyseal growth plate, leading to widening of ends of long bones, growth retardation, and skeletal deformities in children. The predominant cause is deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D. The observation that some forms of rickets could not be cured by regular doses of vitamin D, led to the discovery of rare inherited abnormalities of vitamin D metabolism or vitamin D receptor. Vitamin D dependent rickets (VDDR) is of two types: Type I is due to defective renal tubular 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1-α hydroxylase and type II is due to end-organ resistance to active metabolite of vitamin D. Typical signs are observed from the first month of life. The patient with rickets described below had markedly increased serum alkaline phosphatase and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. We attribute these abnormalities to impaired end-organ responsiveness to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.

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Acromegaly is an endocrine disorder characterized by the excess of growth hormone leading to bony and soft-tissue enlargement. Eye involvement due to extraocular muscle enlargement has been described rarely in these patients. Epiphora has been described only once earlier in a patient with acromegaly. Here, we describe two females with acromegaly who presented with the complaints of watering from the eye and proptosis.

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Pituitary masses usually present as sellar masses with suprasellar or parasellar extension. However, in unusual cases pituitary tumors especially macroprolactinomas and nonfunctional adenomas can present with intranasal extension which can be misdiagnosed as nasal polyp or a primary invasive nasopharyngeal malignant tumor. The otolaryngologists should be familiar with this rare presentation of pituitary masses. Measurement of prolactin (PRL) is essential in cases of recalcitrant nasal polyps or rhinorrhea as it may change the management in such cases. Here we describe case of a patient with an invasive pituitary adenoma who had presented in the otorhinolaryngology department with a nasal obstruction and epistaxis. We have also reviewed 30 cases of pituitary adenoma with nasopharyngeal invasion published in past.

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Introduction: Pituitary apoplexy is an uncommon event and usually occurs in non-functioning pituitary tumors. Among the functioning tumors, prolactinomas are the ones most likely to apoplexy. Apoplexy in growth hormone (GH) producing adenomas is a very rare event with less than thirty cases reported worldwide. Objective: To describe a case of spontaneous pituitary apoplexy in acromegaly. Case Report: A 55 year old smoker male presented to the our outpatient clinic in 2004 with complaints of gradual onset increase in the size of hands and feet, bilateral knee pain, increased sweating and blurring of vision. Investigations uncovered diabetes mellitus by a casual blood glucose of 243 mg/dl and HbA1c of 8.5%. Growth hormone suppression test using 75 gram oral glucose showed a 60 minute growth hormone of 105 ng/ml. Magnetic resonance imaging of the sellar region showed a 12.0 mm × 10.0 mm pituitary adenoma. The patient was planned for transsphenoidal tumor decompression. However, the patient was lost to follow up. Eight-years later, he presented in the emergency department of our institute with sudden onset headache, vomiting and decreased level of consciousness of one day duration. CT scan of the head with focus on the sella was suggestive of apoplexy which was later confirmed by the MRI of the sellar region. Conclusion: Although acromegaly can remit following apoplexy of the responsible pituitary adenoma, long term follow up is needed for early detection of the development of deficiency of pituitary hormones which may occur over years following the event as well as to detect tumor regrowth which again may occur several years later.

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Germ cell tumors may lead to incomplete isosexual male precocity and are commonly located in the pineal gland. Germinomas of the basal ganglia are almost always unilateral and precocious puberty is a rare manifestation in them. We report a 9.5-year-old boy who presented with incomplete isosexual precocity due to bilateral basal ganglia germinoma.

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Central pontinemyelinolysis (CPM) is one of the rare non-inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the pons and very rarely it can involve extrapontine structure as well. The exact etiopathogenesis of this condition is still unclear. Rapid correction of hyponatremia has been attributed as a most common factor, but alcoholism, malnutrition, prolonged use of diuretics, psychogenic polydipsia, post liver transplant and hypokalemia have also been attributed as a causative factor. We describe a case of hyperparathyroidism with concomitant hypercalcemia accompanied by central pontine myelinosis without hyponatremia/hyperosmolality or associated rapid corrections of sodium, which developed as a consequence of severe hypokalaemia.

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Background: Suppurative meningitis (SM) or bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening condition, which is exceptionally due to pituitary tumors (PT). Our aim was to analyze its frequency among male macroprolactinomas (MPRL) deemed to be aggressive, to report the cases we observed in our practice and describe the circumstances under which SM appeared. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 82 male MPRL in order to look for a history of well proved SM and the circumstances under which SM appeared. We also took into account the possibility of SM relapsing. Results: Four out of 82 male MPRL had SM = 4.87%. Three consulted for SM symptoms. SM was confirmed in Infectious Diseases department, but only one had rhinorrhea. Hormonal assessment and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging pleaded for aggressive prolactinomas. After antibiotics, SM was sterilized. Then, MPRL were treated with bromocriptine, which normalized prolactin and reduced PT. SM never relapsed. The 4 ^th case was hospitalized for a large multidirectional prolactinoma invading and/or arising from the skull base. He was operated on 3 times and then he was given Bromocriptine. After 3 months, he had rhinorrhea and then SM which was successfully treated by antibiotics. SM never relapsed after tumor reduction. Conclusion: SM was demonstrated in 4.87%. SM has revealed MPRL in 3 cases and appeared after bromocriptine intake in the 4 ^th one. Endocrinologists should be aware of this severe condition, which can be avoided by repairing as soon as possible the bony defect secondary to aggressive tumors, unless it is clogged by fibrosis: What probably happened in our cases.

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Juvenile primary hypothyroidism causing cystic ovaries and pseudoprecocious puberty (Van-Wyk Grumbach syndrome (VWGS)) is well documented in literature. There are only a few reports of primary hypothyroidism presenting as ovarian cysts in adults. Here we present a case of huge bilateral ovarian cysts in adulthood as the presenting feature of VWGS due to chronic uncontrolled juvenile hypothyroidism. Large uniloculor right ovarian cyst (119 × 81 × 90 mm) and a multicystic left ovary (55 × 45 × 49 mm) were detected in a 24 year lady with secondary amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and palpable abdominal mass with history of neonatal jaundice, delayed milestones, short stature, and precocious menarche at age of 7.5 years age. She had elevated levels of cancer antigen (CA)-125 which normalized post levothyroxine supplementation. Elevated CA-125 may lead to misdiagnosis of ovarian carcinoma and inadvertent treatment. Bilateral ovarian cysts in adults are a rare presentation of juvenile hypothyroidism. It is necessary to screen for primary hypothyroidism in patients presenting with bilateral ovarian cysts to prevent unnecessary evaluation and treatment.

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Subclinical hypothyroidism is an asymptomatic endocrine disorder while hypothyroidism, on the other hand, can present with a wide range of clinical features which may be nonspecific. We describe a case of subclinical hypothyroidism in a 39-year-old pregnant woman presenting with preeclampsia and ascites. Ascitic fluid was found to be exudative as typically found in persons with hypothyroidism presenting with ascites. Treatment with levothyroxine resulted in complete resolution of ascites. The possibility of subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism should be borne in mind when persons with refractory exudative ascites of unknown origin are being investigated. Also, pregnant women with severe preeclampsia will benefit from screening for subclinical and clinical hypothyroidism.

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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) describes a group of autosomal recessive disorders where there is impairment of cortisol biosynthesis. CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency accounts for 95% of cases and shows a wide range of clinical severity. Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement therapies are the mainstays of treatment of CAH. The optimal treatment for adults with CAH continues to be a challenge. Important long-term health issues for adults with CAH affect both men and women. These issues may either be due to the disease or to steroid treatment and may affect final height, fertility, cardiometabolic risk, bone metabolism, neuro-cognitive development and the quality-of-life. Patients with CAH should be regularly followed-up from childhood to adulthood by multidisciplinary teams who have knowledge of CAH. Optimal replacement therapy, close clinical and laboratory monitoring, early life-style interventions, early and regular fertility assessment and continuous psychological management are needed to improve outcome.

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Evidence accumulated during the last decade has affirmed that adipocyte leptin insufficiency in the hypothalamus is the primary etiological factor in the pathogenesis of diabetes type 1 and 2 and related metabolic morbidities. Leptin insufficiency disrupts the relay of hypothalamic regulatory information along three descending pathways to the organs in the periphery that normally participate in maintenance of glucose homeostasis on a minute-to-minute basis throughout lifetime. Reinstatement of leptin sufficiency in the hypothalamus by either systemic or central injections, or its provision selectively in the hypothalamus with the aid of gene therapy extinguished hyperglycemia and normalized blood glucose stably during the entire course of treatment in a variety of animal models of diabetes type 1 and 2. In follow-up clinical trials, twice daily leptin treatment in leptinopenic and insulinopenic type 1 diabetics and leptinopenic and hyperinsulinemic type 2 diabetics with congenital lipodystrophy or acquired lipoatrophy normalized blood glucose without any discernible adverse effects during the extended course of treatment. Taken together, these findings have amply endorsed the efficacy of leptin therapy to restore glucose homeostasis in insulin-deficient as well as hyperinsulinemic diabetic patients. Consequently, restoration of optimal hypothalmic signaling to reinstate glucose homeostasis with leptin is a highly suitable new therapeutic strategy to ameliorate diabetes type 1 and 2 for the lifetime and to replace the currently in vogue insulin monotherapy. In view of the relentless challenges posed by the worldwide epidemic of diabetes and soaring treatment costs, taken together with the well-known shortcomings of therapies based on restoring insulin signaling, it is highly critical and timely to undertake new clinical trials that ascertain appropriate dosage and route of leptin delivery to the hypothalamus capable of safely sustaining stable glycemia for lifetime.

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An adrenal incidentaloma (AI) is a puzzle for clinician. In the era of widespread use of CT and MRI, it is becoming an increasingly frequent diagnosis. A detailed list of investigations is ordered to diagnose pathology responsible for AI. Most likely etiology of AI is pathology of AI is benign non-functional adenoma. But looking to the need of specific preoperative preparation for functional adrenal adenoma and importance of early diagnosis in adrenal carcinoma, a complete workup is essential. CT scan of adrenals with contrast gives maximum information about nature of lesion. In general, a lesion more than 6cm or a functioning AI or tumor signal intensity of more than 10HU on unenhanced image, significant enhancement on contrast and deenhancement in signal intensity of less than 50% is suggestive of carcinoma and must be removed. Those AI which are left for observation, also needs regular testing and if found functional on subsequent follow-up or if their size enlarge, they must be removed.

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Cushing syndrome, a systemic disorder, is the result of abnormally high blood level of cortisol or other glucocorticoids. The most common cause of Cushing syndrome is prolonged exogenous administration of glucocorticoid hormones. Prolonged use of topical corticosteroids, particularly in children, may cause Cushing syndrome and suppression of the hypothalamopituitory-adrenal axis, which is less common than that of oral or parenteral route. However, iatrogenic Cushing syndrome in the infantile age group due to topical steroid is very rare and only a few patients have been reported to date in the literature. Here we report a case of iatrogenic Cushing syndrome due to topical steroid application in a 5-month-old female child admitted to the hospital for repeated episodes of fever and cough.

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Co-occurrence of adrenal incidentaloma with hypertension calls for evaluation of endocrine causes including pheochromocytoma, Cushing's disease, and primary aldosteronism. We are reporting 40-years-old man who presented with hypertension and adrenal mass. He had elevated metanephrines, histology of resected adrenal mass revealed adrenal myelolipoma, and immuno-histochemistry was positive for chromogranin A. Both his blood pressure and urinary metanephrines returned to normal after surgery. The association of hypertension and adrenal myelolipoma may not be entirely coincidental, as it may be associated with secreting catecholamine. Literature on such an uncommon association is reviewed briefly as well.

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Introduction: The cross cultural differences in perception of menopausal symptoms are well known and these differences in perception of hypoglycemic symptoms in Russian-speaking and Caucasian postmenopausal women have been reported. Aims and objectives: This study assessed cross - linguistic and cross - cultural differences in symptomatology of self reported hypoglycemia, between Punjabi and Hindi speaking diabetic post menopausal women. Material and Methods: Thirty Punjabi speaking and 20 Hindi speaking diabetic postmenopausal women aged over 50 years, were recruited for this study. Each subject was asked, what happens to you when you have low sugar? in the language of her choice, and spontaneous answers were recorded verbatim. Statistical analysis: The data so obtained was analyzed by paper and pen method to obtain an understanding of the frequency of self reporting of various symptoms and then analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science ver.19.0. Results: Symptoms of hollowness, cold sweats and headache correlated significantly (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0001 and P = 0.03 respectively). One difference was noted in women from rural vs. urban background: Inability to concentrate was more frequent in urban women (4/23) vs rural women (0/27) (P < 0.0001). Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first exploratory work highlighting the differences in self reported hypoglycemia symptomatology, based on linguistic background. In India and other countries with multi ethnic, multi linguistic societies, linguistic competence in hypoglycemia history taking is important. Limitations: Incidence of hypoglycemia in the subjects enrolled was not assessed. Many of the subjects in the Punjabi speaking cohort were bilingual. Some symptoms of hypoglycemia may have been missed or over-reported by participants. Conclusion: Diabetes care professionals should be aware that persons with diabetes from varying linguistic backgrounds may report symptoms of hypoglycemia differently.

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Carotenemia with its yellowish-red tint is found in diabetes. The frequency of this phenomenon is unknown and the relationship between skin color and blood carotenoid level is controversial. Frequently the suspicion of diabetes arising from inspection of the skin color is in fact confirmed by the usual laboratory tests. As it is known that increased intake of carotenoid-rich fruit and vegetables leads to the yellowish-red skin discoloration, in the present case the patient was a known diabetic with uncontrolled blood sugar and showed the yellowish skin discoloration in spite of not taking any carotenoid-rich foods. After controlling his blood sugar level the patient showed improvement in his skin discoloration.

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The sex of an embryo is determined by genetic sex due to presence or absence of Y chromosome, but it may not be true in all. We hereby report an interesting case of a phenotypic male carrying a female karyotype (46 XX). A 26-year-old male presented with bilateral gynecomastia, poor development of secondary sexual characters and azospermia. On evaluation patient had hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism and chromosomal analysis revealed 46 XX karyotype. The ultrasound revealed no Mullerian structures. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) showed sex determining region of Y chromosome (SRY) gene locus on X chromosome.

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Steroid cell tumors of the ovaries are rare sex-hormone secreting tumors which are usually benign and unilateral. One previous study has estimated the tumors to be bilateral in 6% of patients. We report a case of post menopausal virilization where tumor histology revealed steroid cell tumor not otherwise specified with benign charactsristics. The presence of tumor in bilateral ovaries made this case unique.

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Obesity in children and adolescents predispose to the development of obesity in adulthood and subsequent cardiovascular disease. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is a marker of low grade inflammatory state, which characterizes an atherosclerotic process. The aim of this study was to assess the metabolic abnormalities and its association with hsCRP in obese children and adolescents. A total of 62 obese children and adolescents and 24 healthy children and adolescents with a normal weight were recruited. In all subjects, anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured. Body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure were significantly higher in the obese children and adolescents than the control. Obese children had significantly higher hsCRP levels (P < 0.001), total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol than the control group. Furthermore, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was significantly higher in obese children compared with the normal weight children. Furthermore, hsCRP showed a positive correlation with BMI (r = 0.357; P = 0.028), total cholesterol (r = 0.367; P = 0.008) and LDL-C (r = 0.356; P = 0.01), insulin (r = 0.311; P = 0.026) and not with HOMA-IR (r = 0.244; P = 0.084)). In conclusion, obese children and adolescents have significantly increased hsCRP compared with a normal weight group. Early intervention and prevention of obesity in children and adolescents decreases cardiovascular disease in later life.

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Chronic hypovitaminosis D leads to state of decreased mineralization and generalized osteomalacia. It also results in secondary hyperparathyroidism causing increased bone turn over and decreased bone mass, manifested radiologically as a "salt and pepper" appearance in skull, subperiosteal resorption, bone cysts and lytic lesions. In this case, a young male patient with hypovitaminosis D and secondary hyperparathyroidism, radiological features show resolution of "salt and pepper" appearance of the skull with vitamin D in 11 months and regression of other lytic lesions.

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Aminoglycoside (AMG)-induced renal toxicity is well-known and may manifest with non-oliguric renal failure or renal tubular dysfunction like Fanconi-like syndrome, Barter syndrome-like syndrome or distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA). These phenomena have been described with Gentamycin and Amikacin though rarely with Kanamycin. We present two cases of pulmonary tuberculosis that were treated with Kanamycin and during the course of treatment, developed severe recalcitrant hypocalcemia along with hypomagnesemia.

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Introduction: Visual disturbance as a presenting feature of pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is uncommon. Although papilledema is commonly reported with hypoparathyroidism primary or secondary, but not reported commonly with PHP. Description of the Case: A 10-year-old male child presented to our outpatient service with the complaints of blurring of vision, diplopia, and associated headache. There was no history of seizure episode. Patient had rounded face with a short, stocky built. Shortening of the fourth metacarpal and fifth metatarsal was present. Pitted nails and bilateral cataract. Patient also had clinical signs and biochemical parameters of hypocalcemia, along with normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Consistent with pseudohypopathyroidism. Conclusion: In cases of chronic papilledema, the assessment of the calcium serum level is a safe and simple method to exclude hypoparathyroidism or PHP.

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Macroprolactinoma are rare in childhood, especially in the first decade. A 9-year-old girl presented with headache, vomiting, and decreased vision for 8 months. A diagnosis of macroprolactinoma was made following documentation of elevated serum prolactin (958 ng/ml) with a contrast enhancing macroadenoma (30 × 27 × 28 mm) on magnetic resonance imaging of pituitary. Anterior pituitary function was normal. Cabergoline therapy resulted in resolution of all symptoms in 2-8 months. Revaluation at 10 months of cabergoline therapy revealed normal serum prolactin (14 ng/ml), normal pituitary function, with 91% decrease in adenoma size (11.5 × 13.6 × 12.7 mm). Evaluation at 36 months of cabergoline therapy for growth arrest and weight gain for past 6 months revealed low serum prolactin, growth hormone deficiency, and secondary hypothyroidism with empty sella. She had biochemical as well as structural resolution of prolactinoma. This report highlights the development of multiple pituitary hormone deficiency with empty sella, an uncommon side effect of cabergoline therapy for macroprolactinoma.

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We report a 22-year-old woman who presented with asthenia, weight loss and hypotension in which extensive pituitary and adrenal investigations were diagnostic of isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency (IAD) of pituitary origin. Magnetic resonance imaging of the hypothalamus and pituitary showed a normal-sized pituitary, with no mass lesion. The diagnosis of IAD probably secondary to lymphocytic hypophysitis (LYH) was made.IAD is able to be the way of presentation of LYH, although the disease could or could not turn into a panhypopituitarism. Prompt recognition of this potentially fatal condition is important because of the availability of effective treatment. Indeed, regular endocrine and imaging follow up is important for patients with IAD and normal initial pituitary imaging results to detect early new-onset pituitary hormones deficiencies or imaging abnormalities.

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Microprolactinomas present usually with menstrual disturbance and galactorrhoea. The presence of visual field defects is not expected in these patients as the tumor does not involve structures outside the sella. Visual field defects in a case of microprolactinoma confuse the clinician and warrant extensive search for an alternate etiology. We present a young lady with microprolactinoma and visual field defects. Etiological work-up revealed a diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) associated with microprolactinoma. Treatment with Acetazolamide and Cabergoline completely resolved the clinical symptoms and visual defects. The unusual occurrence of IIH in a case of microprolactinoma as the cause of visual field defect is highlighted in our case report.

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We present three cases of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) due to painless thyroiditis presenting as acute quadriparesis. All responded to potassium supplementation and propranolol. TPP may be due to thyrotoxicosis of any etiology, commonly Grave's disease. The absence of clinical signs of thyrotoxicosis can delay diagnosis and treatment. Thyroid function tests should be a routine evaluation in all cases of hypokalemic periodic paralysis.

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It is well known that thyroid disorders commonly affect women. The care of pregnant women affected by thyroid disease is an important clinical challenge for endocrinologists. Hypothyroidism is the commonest problem, and maternal hypothyroxinemia has been linked to adverse feto-maternal outcomes. This article would discuss the controversy regarding first-trimester thyroid hormone deficiency and fetal brain development. Certain obstetric controversies in the management of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy, including the indications of TSH receptor antibody measurements and fetal thyroid status monitoring would also be discussed.

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Existing treatment modalities for Graves' disease includes antithyroid drugs (ATDs), radioactive iodine, and surgery. There has been a lack of general agreement as to which therapy is the best as none is ideal since all effectively restore euthyroidism, but with some limitations. Previously, therapies were selected with the goal of achieving euthyroidism. Instead, hypothyroidism is now the goal of treatment, to ensure that hyperthyroidism does not recur. Current evidences suggest that high relapse rate and not so rare fatal side effects seen with ATD therapy compel one to consider other definite modes of treatment like radiotherapy and surgery for toxic Graves' disease after discussing this with the patient.

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Addison's disease or primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is a rare manifestation of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). PAI is the most common among the endocrinologic manifestations and can also rarely be the presenting symptom of APS. Venous thrombosis and/or adrenal hemorrhage are the leading cause of PAI in APS. Autoimmune adrenal failure is postulated to be another possible mechanism. We report a case of PAI in a 44-year-old lady preceding primary APS, probably autoimmune, without any evidence of adrenal hemorrhage or infarction. High index of clinical suspicion for PAI in APS is needed; conversely APS should be considered as a possible pathogenetic process in patients presenting with Addison's disease where the etiology is not obvious.

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Adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) are a cluster of different pathologies, but AIs with dual functional aspects are very rare. We report a case of AI with the evidence of both pheochromocytoma and sub-clinical Cushing's syndrome. A 42-year-old female patient presented with the history of abdominal pain. Abdominal computed tomography revealed right adrenal mass suggestive of pheochromocytoma. On endocrine evaluation, she admitted history of intermittent headache and palpitations for 4 years and was on treatment for hypertension and diabetes. There were no signs and symptoms suggestive of Cushing's syndrome. The laboratory data demonstrated 10 times raised 24-h urinary fractionated metanephrines with non-suppressible serum cortisol after 2-day low-dose dexamethasone suppression test. She underwent right-sided adrenalectomy with subsequent resolution of both pheochromocytoma and hypercortisolism. Patient was discharged in good clinical condition.

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Another major force not letting us succeed in the treatment of diabetes remains right inside the patients home, their family members. Hence, it is important to know the perception of the close family members about this simple and strong tool in diabetes, 'insulin'. The drug is nearing its century, it has not fully being accepted gracefully even in todays electronic savvy society. So, we need to strongly discover the reason for its non-acceptance, while trials are out inventing new drugs. One vital thing that can change this attitude is increasing the understanding of this drug, insulin in depth to close people around the patient, the 'family'. Underestimating family's perception about disease and treatment for diabetes is detrimental to both diseased and the doctor. This consists of a biopsychosocial model; biological, psychological and social factors. Family forms the most important part of it. The strategies in family therapy include psychodynamic, structural, strategic, and cognitive-behavioral component. Diabetes has and will continue to rise, so will be the treatment options. From the clinicians side its to fix fasting first but from patients its fix family first. Family therapy demonstrates the importance of insulin initiation and maintenance in insulin naive patients, and continuation for others. The specific needs of such patients and their impact on family life are met with family therapy. Who needs family therapy? Benefits of family therapy and a case based approach is covered.

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Fungi can cause serious cranial infections in immunocompromised and diabetic patients. Common pathogens mainly include Aspergillus and Mucor. These organisms cause tissue invasion and destruction of adjacent structures (e.g. orbit, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary & cavernous sinuses). Mortality and morbidity rate is high despite combined surgical, antifungal and antidiabetic treatment. We present our experience of six cases with such infection.

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Achalasia cardia is an infrequent disorder of esophageal dysmotility that has failure of the lower end of the esophagus to relax with swallowing as hallmark abnormality. Diabetes mellitus, on the other hand, can afflict the motor activity of gastrointestinal tract by causing autonomic neuropathy. Combination of these diseases can be very distressing to a patient. We present a 45-year-old lady co-affected with both these disorders who presented with severe hypoglycemia and was managed successfully using the multiple strategies to treat achalasia and diabetes.

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Background and Objective: The primary objective of this study is to find out if testing ankle reflex (AR) alone is an effective screening tool for diabetic peripheral neuropathy and the secondary objective of this study is to compare its sensitivity and specificity with biothesiometer vibration perception threshold (VPT), which is the gold standard. Materials and Methods: A total of 450 patients with diabetes mellitus attending endocrine out-patient department from year 2012 January to 2013 July were included in this study. All patients underwent clinical assessment of AR compared with VPT by biothesiometer. Results: AR is sensitive (81.09%) specific (81.679%) with diagnostic accuracy of (81.22%) and agreement between biothesiometer and AR is significant (κ = 0.538 P < 0.0001). Conclusion: AR is at par the gold standard that is biothesiometer VPT.

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There are reports of acute pancreatitis with the use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (gliptins). This class of drugs is widely being prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in our country. We evaluated the incidence of acute pancreatitis with the use of gliptins during the period January 2012-June 2013. Patients of type 2 DM on treatment with any of the gliptins (Sitagliptin, vildagliptin, or saxagliptin) for at least 1 month duration were included. A total of 185 patients were included (205.3 patient years of follow-up). Five of them had history of acute pancreatitis (all mild) >6 months prior to inclusion with complete resolution and no chronic pancreatitis. One patient (0.48 per 100 patient years) presented with mild acute pancreatitis which resolved in 8 days. Asymptomatic elevation of serum amylase > 3× upper limit of normal was noted in five patients (2.4 per 100 patient years), without any sonological evidence of pancreatitis, which resolved on withdrawal of gliptins. None of the patients with previous history of pancreatitis had a recurrence of pancreatitis. In a group at low risk of acute pancreatitis, incidence of acute pancreatitis is low with the use of gliptins.

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Good control of plasma glucose levels always remains a desired goal for both diabetic patients and their physicians. However, unintended tight glucose control should always be alarming to the treating physician, although, it may seem to be a blessing to the patient. A downward trend in blood glucose profile in an elderly male with long standing diabetes generally points to developing renal insufficiency. Apart from that, other causes responsible for lowering of blood glucose have to be considered at times when clinical scenario is slightly different. Here, we present a case of an elderly man who presented with an unintended tight control of blood glucose over a period of few months, which upon neglecting culminated into recurrent hypoglycaemia. The etiology of recurrent hypoglycaemia in this patient was non-islet cell tumor hypoglycaemia (NICTH). The causes, pathophysiology, and management of NICTH are discussed briefly.

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Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and psychiatric illness are related in many ways by prevalence, burden, course, and outcome. Co-morbid mental illness may play a role in determining the complication in diabetic patients. This study was conducted in 2010 among consecutive diabetic out-patients diagnosed as per American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines 2009, of age above 14 years, to compare the complications in diabetic patients with or without mental illness. Diabetic neuropathies, cardiovascular complications, and morbid obesity were among the complications significantly more among diabetic patients with mental illness (GHQ-12 ≥ 2) than without mental illness (GHQ-12 ≤ 2).

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Introduction: The essence of communication is to convey a message, and readability tests have been developed to quantify this aspect of language. There is limited research on the readability tests of journal contents from India. In this study, we performed readability tests on the editorials of four popular Indian medical journals. Materials and Methods: The readability tests (Flesch score, Flesch grade, and text statistics) were calculated from the following journals: Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism (IJEM), Journal of Association of Physicians of India (JAPI), Journal of Indian Medical Association (JIMA), and International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries (IJDDC). The editorials published in these journals over the last 2 tears were included in this analysis. Results: A total of 64 editorials (IJEM - 19, JAPI - 18, JIMA - 16, IJDDC - 11) were analyzed in this study. The mean readability score was (IJEM 34.8 ± 9.5; JAPI 31.4 ± 11.4; JIMA 29.6 ± 10.1; IJDDC 26.1 ± 17.7) not different between the journals (P = 0.2666). Flesch score was less variable in IJEM an d JIMA than in JAPI and IJDDC (P = 0.0167). The editorials from IJEM and JAPI had a lower Flesch grade than the remaining two journals (P = 0.0253). The readability score was directly proportional to the sentence count and inversely proportional to the words per sentence (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the editorials from all the medical journals have equal readability scores. The sentence count and words per sentence are important to achieve a high readability score while writing for a journal.

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Gynecomastia is a common occurrence in pubertal age group, and is physiological in up to 65 percent of cases. When occurs in the family it should be investigated in order not to miss on a treatable etiology. Two brothers within the same family, presenting with bilateral gynecomastia of different causes and requiring different treatment are presented.

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Background and Objectives: Hypertension is one of the most common diseases world-wide and the prevalence in school-aged children appears to be increasing perhaps as a result of increased prevalence of obesity. Thus, the present study was planned to establish an association between body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with hypertension amongst school children in the age group of 5-16 years belonging to lower income group (LIG) and middle income group (MIG) in National Capital Territory of Delhi. Materials and Methods: Population proportionate to size methodology was adopted to select 30 clusters/schools in each LIG and MIG category. About 170 children from each school were selected randomly with the help of random number tables. Anthropometric measurements of weight, height and WC and blood pressure measurements were taken by using standard methodology. Results: The prevalence of high systolic blood pressure (SBP) in LIG and MIG school population was 2.8% and 4.1% respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of high diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in LIG and MIG school population was 2.7% and 4.2%, respectively. Statistical positive correlation was observed between BMI and WC with SBP and DBP. Thus, it can be inferred that children with high WC and BMI are more likely to have hypertension.

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Madelung deformity is a rare inherited disorder associated with endocrine disorders like Turner's syndrome, pseudohypoparathyroidism, but can be seen with short stature homeobox deficiency conditions such as Leri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) and Langers mesomelic dysplasia. It has also been reported following trauma to the distal radius epiphysis neoplasia mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) and achondroplasia. Madelung deformity is an abnormality of distal radial epiphysis where in progressive ulnar and volar tilt of the articular surface occurring in association with distal subluxation of ulna. A 13-year-old girl was referred to us for evaluation of bilateral deformity of wrist and short stature. There was ulnar deviation and dorsal tilt of bilateral hands without history of pain to the joint trauma and family history of similar illness. On X-ray, wrist showed malformed distal radial epiphysis with dorsal and ulnar shift and with increased length of phalanges suggestive of Madelung deformity. X-ray spine was normal. Ultrasound abdomen showed normal uterus and ovary and her follicle stimulating hormone. Luteinizing hormone was normal and so was urine MPS screening. Based on the above points the diagnosis of LWD was made.

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The natural history of untreated asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) remains incompletely understood. Increased level of parathyroid hormone produces the characteristic biochemical phenotype of hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia and the various clinical sequelae of chronic hypercalcemia. Periodic paralysis (PP) is a group of disorders of different etiologies with episodic, short-lived and hyporeflexic skeletal muscle weakness, with or without myotonia, but without sensory deficit and without loss of consciousness. However, PHPT has rare association with episodic quadriparesis mimicking as PP.

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We describe a family in which parents had consanguinity, being children of real sisters. They had given birth to five children. In their family, children remained healthy from birth to pre-school age and then started having symptoms around the age of 5 years and two of them succumbed to this illness. Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome Type-1 is a rare sporadic autosomal recessive disease. It is characterized by the existence of two or more endocrinal disorders. Patients may require lifelong hormone replacement therapy for survival.

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The common causes of stridor in adults are abscesses or swelling of upper airway, tumors, paralysis or malfunction of vocal cords. Laryngospasm due to hypocalcemia is a rare cause of stridor in adults, although occasionally reported in the neonates. We report an elderly lady having stridor and laryngospasm, secondary to acquired hypoparathyroidism and secondary hypocalcemia, without risk factors for hypoparathyroidism such as recent neck surgery or irradiation. We did an extensive review of literature to find only a few cases of acquired primary hypoparathyroidism in adults with the only complaint being stridor. This case underlines the fact that a common symptom like stridor rarely occurs due to uncommon causes. This case is being reported for its rarity and amenability to complete cure in event of correct diagnosis.

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The milk-alkali syndrome (MAS) was a common cause of hypercalcemia, metabolic alkalosis, and renal failure in the early 20 ^th century. This syndrome was first recognized secondary to treatment of peptic ulcer disease with milk and absorbable alkali. Its incidence fell after the introduction of H2-blocker and proton pump inhibitor. Persistent ingestion of calcium carbonate and vitamin D caused MAS. We report a patient presenting with a triad of hypercalcemia, metabolic alkalosis and renal failure secondary to treatment of idiopathic hypoparathyroidism.

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Central Diabetes Insipidus (CDI) following ischemic infarction of the brain has been described as a rare presentation. Posterior pituitary ischemia has also been postulated as a possible cause of idiopathic CDI. We encountered a young male with bilateral extensive ischemic infarction sustained at high altitude, who had transient polyuria due to central diabetes insipidus, requiring desmopressin therapy. DI completely resolved during the course of his neurological recovery.

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Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) phenotype is variable &various genes have been decribed in association with IHH.We describe association of IHH with mosaic trisomy 13. A 20 year old male presented with lack of development of secondary sexual characters, normal height, micropenis, small testes, gynaecomastia, absence of axillary and pubic hairs, hyposmia,synkinesis, bilateral horizontal nystagmus and high arched palate. Investigations showed low gonadotropin,low total testosterone, LH after stimulation with 100 mcg tryptorelin sc was 11.42 mU/mL at 40 min. MRI of hypothalamo-pituitary region showed normal olfactory bulb and tract but shallow olfactory sulcus . Karyotype showed homologous Robertsonian translocation of chromosome 13. This case fits classical IHH except for LH rise on stimulation.Features of Patau syndrome which is associated with trisomy 13 are absent in our case. Mosaic trisomy 13, which can otherwise be rare incidental finding , has not been described in association with IHH.Causal association of novel mutation on chromosome 13 leading to aforementioned phenotype cannot be rule out.

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Introduction: Literature is inconsistent whether patients with hypopituitarism have increased risk of thrombosis. Recent data has shown problems with the coagulation system in Sheehan's syndrome (SS). Here, we describe a case of SS which presented with deep vein thrombosis. Objective: To describe a case of SS presenting as deep vein thrombosis. Case Report: A 30-year-old female was admitted to the general medicine ward with 1 month history of gradual onset swelling and pain in the left leg. The left calf diameter was 5 cm greater than the right. Doppler of the lower limbs revealed thrombosis in the left popliteal vein. Patient's coagulation profile revealed a normal prothrombin time of 12 sec, activated partial thromboplastin time of 30 sec, positive D-dimer, negative protein C and protein S and normal titres of antinuclear antibodies. Echocardiography showed an ejection fraction of 52 percent. Endocrinology consultation was sought in view of clinical suspicion of hypothyroidism. Endocrinology review revealed a significant past history of primary postpartum hemorrhage, lactation failure and secondary amenorrhea since the delivery of the last child 6 years back. She had clinical features of growth hormone, thyroid hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency. Hormonal analysis showed features of central hypothyroidism, secondary adrenal insufficiency and growth hormone deficiency which was subsequently confirmed by insulin tolerance test. Conclusion: SS patients may have increased risk of thrombosis

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Introduction: Say Meyer syndrome is rare X linked condition characterized by developmental delay, short stature and metopic suture synostosis. We are reporting a case of Say Meyer syndrome presented to our hospital for short stature and developmental delay at age 3΍ years. Case Report: A 3½-year-old boy presented to our hospital for decreased growth velocity from the age of 1 year. History revealed the boy had a birth weight of 2.3 kg, had an episode of seizures in the neonatal period. He was born to non-consanguineous marriage. He had global developmental delay and there was a lack of bowel and bladder control. History did not reveal any hearing or visual impairment. No history of any chronic systemic illnesses. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain revealed mild diffuse frontotemporal atrophy with multiple irregular gliotic areas in bilateral frontal lobes. Diffuse white matter volume loss in bilateral cerebral hemispheres. Diffuse thinning of corpus callosum. Diffuse periventricular hyper intensity on T2W and fluid attenuated inversion recovery sequences. Conclusion: Say Meyer syndrome is rare X linked condition characterized by developmental delay, short stature and metopic suture synostosis. Characteristic MRI brain findings include diffuse frontotemporal atrophy with multiple gliotic areas in frontal lobes. Diffuse white matter volume loss in bilateral cerebral hemispheres.

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Thyroid carcinoma is a rare cause of compressive myelopathy. Quadriparesis as the presenting manifestation of follicular carcinoma of thyroid without any preceding features of malignancy is quite uncommon. We describe a case of a 55-year-old woman who presented with progressive quadriparesis of 2 months duration, on evaluation was found to have a large tumor destroying C1, C2 vertebrae and occupying craniovertebral junction. Histopathological examination of excised tumor was follicular thyroid carcinoma. She was successfully managed with surgical excision, stabilization of spine followed by radiotherapy.

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A 72-year-old man presented with palpitation, dyspnea, and chest discomfort. Initial investigations revealed atrial fibrillation (AF) and pericardial effusion, further investigations unraveled primary hypothyroidism (thyroid stimulating hormone) of 34.7 μIU/ml and total thyroxine (T4) of 5.57 μg/dl). Treatment with levothyroxine led to resolution of symptoms, AF, and pericardial effusion.

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Menorrhagia is the most common menstrual irregularity in hypothyroid women. However, it is an uncommon presentation of congenital hypothyroidism (CH). In the era of newborn screening across the world, when CH is extremely rare, we came across four cases of CH due to delayed diagnosis, presenting in adulthood with severe menorrhagia. Aims: To signify the atypical presentation of CH in late adulthood due to delayed diagnosis and its sequelae; and to increase the awareness about this treatable condition. Settings and Design: This is a cross-sectional analysis of consecutive patients with CH presenting after 18 years between 2010 and 2012 from the CH registry of Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), India. Subjects and Methods: Four patients of CH presenting late (>18 years) with atypical presentations out of total 16 cases of CH within a period of 3 years were analyzed for clinical, hormonal, and imaging findings. Results: Between the years 2010 and 2012, 16 cases of CH were registered at our center out of which four cases presented in late adolescence and adulthood with menorrhagia. Age range of these patients was 18-30 years. All four patients were females presenting with anemia secondary to menorrhagia and upon evaluation were found to have CH. All of them showed improvement after starting treatment and are currently doing well with regular menstrual cycles. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates the importance of thyroid evaluation in a patient presenting with menorrhagia along with short stature. There is need for awareness among clinicians regarding the clinical features of CH and nationwide screening for CH in our country.

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Primary hypothyroidism may present with atypical features in children. Here we report a 6-year-old female child with primary hypothyroidism presenting with a combination of several atypical features in the form of hypertrichosis, bilateral cystic ovaries, and feedback pituitary adenoma.

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Chemotherapy induced infertility is a problem which is growing and often neglected. Fertility preservation strategy is an important component of the management in young patients with cancer. Gonadotropin releasing hormone analog therapy helps in ovarian suppression and the evidence is inconclusive for its benefit in fertility preservation. Other medical benefits with these drugs include reduction of vaginal bleeding in patients with thrombocytopenia.

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The main physiological function of vitamin D is maintenance of calcium homeostasis by its effect on calcium absorption, and bone health in association with parathyroid gland. Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is defined as serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) levels <20 ng/ml. Do all subjects with VDD have clinical disease according to this definition? We hypothesize that there exist an intestinal calcistat, which controls the calcium absorption independent of PTH levels. It consists of calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) on intestinal brush border, which senses calcium in intestinal cells and vitamin D system in intestinal cells. CaSR dampens the generation of active vitamin D metabolite in intestinal cells and decrease active transcellular calcium transport. It also facilitates passive paracellular diffusion of calcium in intestine. This local adaptation adjusts the fractional calcium absorption according the body requirement. Failure of local adaptation due to decreased calcium intake, decreased supply of 25OHD, mutation in CaSR or vitamin D system decreases systemic calcium levels and systemic adaptations comes into the play. Systemic adaptations consist of rise in PTH and increase in active vitamin D metabolites. These adaptations lead to bone resorption and maintenance of calcium homeostasis. Not all subjects with varying levels of VDD manifest with secondary hyperparathyroidism and decreased in bone mineral density. We suggest that rise in PTH is first indicator of VDD along with decrease in BMD depending on duration of VDD. Hence, subjects with any degree of VDD with normal PTH and BMD should not be labeled as vitamin D deficient. These subjects can be called subclinical VDD, and further studies are required to assess beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation in this subset of population.

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